Question 1

cannot can not分別 在Facebook 的評價

Accepted Answer

哈佛知識分享:《做生意的三個 S》 - 七集介紹、第一及第二集。做生意有三個 S: Survive (生存), Sustain (持續), and Succeed (成功). 全文內容:https://docs.google.com/document/d/1grPxQjlN7OUFarSI3KYLgbQL1-7Bw3-X3uPTqV9_mZA/edit?usp=drivesdk。。。。。。。My hobby 《星期六早餐會》! 七/八/九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying Michael Porter to your business: How to compete and win! 哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏? 講起哈佛策略教授， 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程， 今次早餐會同你分享，希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。7月/8/9月份，逢星期六早上9時開始，約三小時半。地點中環。對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層，連我限4位。有興趣參加的話，請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。我唔係靠呢行搵食，免費，我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwinwww.edwinlee.com.hkwww.bwfund.com 聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143。。。。。。。1. 先講生存 survive - 即係收入多過支出。連錢都賺唔到，日日蝕做乞衣，唔好講嘢。 絕大部分生意，五年內都係生存唔到! 2. 再講持續性 sustain - 持續地賺到錢，持續地收入多過支出，Sustaining 養活咗99%中小企， 但佢哋永遠都係中小企 ，因為可能幾十年業績都浮浮沉沉! 3. 要成功就講 Succeed, I mean become really really Super Successful - How to win? 就要講策略 Strategy. Do you have a strategy? 你做生意有無策略? 根據哈佛最出名嘅策略教授 Michael Porter  The first test of a strategy is whether your value proposition is different from your rivals. If you are trying to serve the same customers and meet the same needs and sell at the same relative price, then you dont have a strategy.  如果你嘅價值主張係同你嘅競爭對手一樣， 即係話你服務緊同一班客， 解決緊同一問題， 收緊差唔多價錢的話， 哈佛教授米高波特就講你係「人做你做」，你「無策略」 。 長遠，你唔會賺大錢! You can only sustain, but cannot be super successful! 咁應該點? Understanding Michael Porter! 何謂競爭? 何謂策略? 如何勝出?  What is competition? What is strategy? How to win? Michael Porter 相信係仲在生最出名嘅大學策略教授， 佢1979年首次提出嘅 Porters Five Competitive Forces (行業競爭五大動力)， 1980提出嘅 Four Generic Strategies (四個一般策略)， 1985年再提出嘅 Value-Chain Analysis (價值鏈分析)， 讀過任何 business school 嘅同學都應該學過。 佢今年已經七十四歲， 唔知仲可以教多幾耐書，有幸我2017年去哈佛大學親身上過佢課程，畢生受用。今次我就一連七集，同你分享呢本書 Understnding Michael Porter。(1) Competition, whats the right mindset? 你應該點諗「競爭」? (2) What are the Industry Competitive 5 Forces? 什麼是行業的五大動力? 對你利潤有什麼影響? (3) Competitive advantage through your value chain 你的企業價值鏈如何令你有競爭優勢? (4) What is strategy? How do you create value? 什麼是策略 ? 你如何創造價值?(5) The trade-offs. 要「取」得更多，就要「捨」得更多。 做生意如何「取捨」? (6) Fit. 成間公司要言行一致! 全部力要向同一個方向走。(7) Continuity. 持續性，無得急! 路遙知馬力!有興趣聽多啲，就來我七/八月份星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下一集同你先講 (1) What is competition?  whats the right mindset? 乜嘢係「競爭」? 你應該點諗「競爭」?第一集:哈佛知識分享:《何謂競爭? 你應點諗競爭?》What is competition? Whats the right mindset? 一連七集: 今集同你先講《何謂競爭? 你應點諗競爭?》What is competition? Whats the right mindset? 做生意你可以 Me Too, Me Better 或者 .... Me What? 乜嘢? 等陣再講。Me too, 就係「人做你做」， 你要贏，只能夠鬥平!  同一碟乾炒牛河， 如果一樣味道，你就係要賣平啲，人哋先幫襯你。Me better，就係你做得叻啲，你做得好啲、快啲、靚啲、新啲， 咁你就可以收貴啲! 你碟乾炒牛河，真材實料的，好味啲，就可以賣貴啲。可惜前兩者，都係一個零和遊戲。 你贏，就人哋輸。 人哋贏，就你輸。個餅係得咁大，你日日講 market share (市場佔有率)，但無新行業價值製造過， 個餅冇大到。根據哈佛策略教授 Michael Porter， 做生意除咗 Me Too, Me Better, 你要盡量做到 NOT Me Best ... but ME ONLY. Be unique! 你做生意必需具獨特性。佢話做生意 there is simply NO BEST! 冇話「最好」，因為唔同人客有唔同需要，你嘅產品啱，他們自然有需求。你要「創造需要」! 包括我在內， 之前香港都無「商舖基金」，買賣舖只有鬥平鬥靚。 但如果間鋪又要靚，又賣得平，硬係無錢賺。唯有靠大市升。但萬一唔升? 一個社運/肺炎，馬上個個炒家/投資者停晒。 依家個市好啲， 馬上「短炒」出返曬嚟。 但我覺得做生意係唔可以靠個市升去賺錢。 要個市跌，甚至乎大跌，都搵到食，咁先至係一盤生意。 容許我好自豪地講，社運/肺炎後，我哋買入咗31間香港街舖，沽出咗11間，合共約港幣7.9億嘅街舖，沽得嘅，間間賺錢，論宗數及論回報，都係同期全港 by far，I mean really really by far 最多!  我哋點做? 就係因為我哋行咗 Michael Porter 所講嘅，Be Unique ... be ME ONLY. 根據呢本書，Understanding Michael Porter, 佢講 whats the right mind-set for competition? 你應該點諗競爭? 盡量得，你應該諗 Not be the the best, but be unique。 唔係要做到最好，而係做到最獨特。Not be number 1, but earn higher returns. 唔係要做到第一，而係要多啲回報，賺多啲錢! Not focus on market share, but focus on profits. 唔係要市佔率，係要利潤。Not serve the best customer with best product, but meet the diverse needs of target customers. 唔係要「最好」嘅產品，畀「最好」嘅客。而係 用唔同嘅產品，滿足唔同顧客嘅需求。Not compete by imitation, but compete by innovation. 唔係人做你做，而係要創新! Not ZERO SUM game, but POSITIVE SUM. 唔係「零和遊戲」、互相廝殺， 而係大家從不同層面創造價值， 可以有好多個贏家。記住競爭，唔代表你一定要贏人。 打到兩敗俱傷，又有乜意思呢?  如果即使你打唔打低人，自己能夠賺多啲錢，咁又 why not? 點解要去打低人呢? Strategy explains how an organization, faced with competition, will achieve superior performance. The definition is deceptively simple. by Michael Porter. 好的策略，就係能夠解釋到點解有競爭對手環境下，你公司依然能夠達致較高回報。Operation effectiveness is different from having a good strategy. 有高嘅營運效率，唔代表有好嘅策略。Michael Porter 話 Operation effectivness 就好似隻老鼠喺個圈入面係咁跑咁， 無論你點跑得快，你都只係繼續喺個圈入面。 你可以勤力啲、做得快啲、做得好啲，但始終你繼續都係喺個圈入面。但有好嘅策略，a good strategy , 就能幫你跳出呢個圈，帶去你想去嘅地方。If rivals all pursue the one best way to compete, they will find themselves on collision course. by Michael Porter「如果所有競爭對手，都朝著一個「做到最好」的方向競爭， 大家只會撞到頭破血流。」Strategic competition means choosing a path different from that of others.  by Michael Porter「策略性競爭是指揀一條同競爭對手唔同的路。」好似間茶餐廳咁， 你可以炒餸快啲，上菜快啲，服務好啲，埋單走多兩轉， 但係始終都係一間茶餐廳，只係做緊 Me Too 或者 Me Better. 人哋唔去你嗰間，就去另一間，係一個「零和遊戲」。 無論你點做得快啲、好啲，競爭對手一樣都會嘗試追上。 無策略，你會跑得好辛苦。 喺個圈入面繼續跑來跑去。另一種諗法，或者你可以把間茶餐廳， 變成專做外賣， 加埋其他餐廳上你平台， 加下加下，變下變下，變成間 Deliveroo。同前者一樣，大家都係做食，但你專做外賣，咁你會唔會係 more unique? 更獨特! Earn higher returns， compete by innovation AND 做大啲個餅 positive sum game 呢? 會唔會有原本唔想食茶餐廳嘅人，都叫咗外賣返屋企食呢? Deliveroo 依家倫敦上市嘅市值係超過500億港幣， 試問有幾多間茶餐廳或飲食集團能做到呢?唔想咁大改變? 試想想賣漢堡包。 麥當勞係全球最大快餐店，唔駛講。 佢嘅漢堡包係賣得最快，最多! 但你識唔識呢個女人? Lynsi Snyder. In-N-Out Burger 第三代接班人。Michael Porter 話相比起麥當勞，佢唔係要最快最大最多，In-N-Out Burger 係要最新鮮嘅食材，never frozen, never microwaved，最有傳統風味，最具 family tradition 家族色彩， 餐牌/秘方基本上70年都不變過。McDonald / Burger King 餐牌有超過80樣嘢揀，佢只得少過15。 佢要嘅係家庭傳統 family tradition！ 佢係要做少啲，做好啲，每人分多啲。雖然每間分店都賺到錢， 以舖比舖，平均每間In-N-Out Burger 舖嘅營業額係每年450萬美金，高過麥當勞的舖平均每年260萬美金，高出七成。每間 In-N-Out 舖嘅 Profit margin 估計高達20％，比同行競爭對手亦高出一倍， 佢就係要特登開少啲，開慢啲。用咗70年時間， 只係開咗三百幾間，全部自己直接經營兼自置物業， 為咗容易管理，絕大部分分店都係喺美國西岸。 佢每開一間分店往往啲人都要大排長龍， 有人揸幾個鐘頭車，甚至乎搭飛機/酒店過夜專登去食。...... 因為每間舖賺到錢，個個員工人工都特別高。例如，根據網上薪酬統計網站   Glassdoor.com，In-N-Out Burger 嘅 Store Manager 店長平均人工加花紅，係年薪美金16萬3千元。 麥當勞? 係美國只係4萬4千美金。In-N-Out Burger 高出近3倍。 最基層員工，人工都比市場高出5成。人工高，自然員工做耐啲，平均Store Manager 店長都做17年，員工上下一家人感覺強啲，對人客笑容自然多啲，服務好啲。比起麥當勞，佢哋唔係鬥快鬥多。In-N-Out Burger 每個客往往都要等成起碼十分鐘先有漢堡包食。提起 Mobile ordering 手機落單， 咁啲人客唔使等咁耐? 聽下佢 CEO Lynsi Snyder 點講? ...... Be definition of Michael Porter, In-N-Out Burger is pursuing a different path from that of others. 行緊條自己嘅路。Be unique! Not to be number 1, but to earn higher returns. Not to focus on market share, but on profit.  唔同嘅客有唔同需求，既然自己回報可以高啲，點解需要打低競爭對手呢? Positive Sum Game, 個餅係做大咗!  雖然佢聲稱永遠都唔搞 franchise，永遠唔搞上市，全部自己親自經營，根據2021年福布斯富豪榜，In-N-Out 第三代老闆 Lynsi Snyder 身家現有36億美金，係榜內最年輕女士。 麥當勞嘅創辦人呢? 都唔知去咗邊度! 你呢? 你又打算點樣同人競爭? 記住，Michael Porter 話:In the vast majority of businesses, there is simply no such thing as the best. 絕大部分嘅生意， 冇嘢叫做絕對嘅「最好」! BE UNIQUE. 做到 ME ONLY! Winning without beating others! 「唔使打低競爭對手都勝出!」咁先至係「贏」嘅最高境界。有興趣聽多啲 Michael Porter，就來我七/八月份星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下集我再同你講 (2) What are the Industry Competitive 5 Forces? 什麼是行業的五大動力? 對你利潤有什麼影響? 有時間就睇埋幾年前 CBS 對In-N-Out Burger 嘅報導，家族經歷過幾次嘅悲劇，依家留到第三代，佢哋嘅堅持可能亦對你做生意有所啟發。第二集:哈佛知識分享: What are the Industry Competitive 5 Forces? 什麼是行業的五大動力? 對你利潤有什麼影響? The real point of competition is not to beat rivals. Its to earn profits. 競爭，最重要唔係要打低競爭 對手，而係要賺錢!  - My favorite quote from Michael Porter. 今次一連七集同你講 Michael Porter. 上集同你講咗《何謂競爭? 你應點諗競爭?》What is competition? Whats the right mindset? 今集同你講 (2) What are the Industry Competitive 5 Forces? 什麼是行業的五大動力? 對你利潤有什麼影響? 巴菲特 Warren Buffett 曾經講過: “When a management with a reputation for brilliance tackles a business with a reputation for poor fundamental economics, it is the reputation of the business that remains intact.”當好聲譽嘅經理， 遇上差回報聲譽嘅行業，通常係行業嘅聲譽會繼續留低。因此我經常話「先揀行業，後諗點做!」 做生意就好似賽馬比賽咁，要勝出，行業就係隻馬，老闆就係個騎師。 隻馬識飛嘅，騎師煲兩口煙都能勝出， 如果佢再加把勁， 鞭多兩下，咁就不得了， 可能賺到盤滿缽滿! 但如果隻馬係跛嘅，唔通騎師跑埋一份咩?! 咁就騎師唯有先要醫番好隻馬，再去比賽， 咁勝出機會率才更大。但如何分析隻馬 (即係個行業) fit 唔 fit? 根據哈佛大學最出名嘅策略教授 Michael Porter，佢1979年首次提出嘅 Porters Five Competitive Forces (行業競爭五大動力)， 從五個層面分析個行業得唔得， 亦都係可以就住呢五個層面加強隻馬嘅競爭力。分別係: (1) Bargaining Power of Buyers 買家的議價能力。 (2) Bargaining Power of Suppliers 供應商的議價能力。(3) Barriers to Entry 入行門檻。 (4) Threat of Substitutes 代替品的威脅。 (5) Internal Rivalry 內部競爭的激烈程度。 近年好多人提出，應再加多第6個: (6) Availability of Complements 互補商品的存在。 要賺錢就係希望價錢 (Price) 高過成本 (Cost)， 相差越大，你就賺錢越多。 但你要賺錢，你要知道你唔單止係同你競爭對手爭緊， 你同一時間係同緊你嘅買家、供應商、代替品、及潛在入行競爭者爭! 逐個逐個同你講，因為: (1) 越大買家的議價能力 Bargaining Power of Buyers，就會把你價錢越撳低， 因為買家佢哋會講價，所以唔可以太依賴某個買家。 一般嚟講，如果最大嘅客戶佔你超過10%營業額，或者最大五個客戶佔你25%或以上營業額， 你就有customer concentration risk, 過份客戶集中的風險。 因為你好怕佢哋走， 佢哋議價能力就自然提升。 好多廠，某個歐美大客訂單都分分鐘佔咗超過一半生意額， 因此經常畀人牽住鼻子走，好多嘢做，但賺唔到錢。Powerful buyers will force prices down or demand more value in the product, thus capturing more of the value for themselves. by Michael Porter 「議價能力強嘅買家，會把價格推低或者對產品要求提升， 從而買家自己得到更大價值。」包括我自己在內， 前排某大美資基金，管理美金資產幾百億，話同俾我幾十億同我合作投資商舖，但條件多多， 又呢樣又嗰樣 ... 唔只一間，仲有好多其他，我全部 say No。 就係因為我唔想過份依靠某大客，當我無本事。 我想細細間，慢慢增長，玩耐啲。遠遠好過霎時間爆發得太快，遲早市況一逆轉就爆鑊。我成日話，我每季只係希望集資港幣6000萬，加我自己 top up 25%， 冇咁大個頭，唔好戴咁大頂帽 。我自己個 fund 每季集資，每年淨資產增長四五億港幣，每個月拉勻買入港幣5000萬街舖，沽2000萬，Im happy! 買下買下，好快就買足1000間街舖。要依賴就依賴我自己，信得過多好多。為咗增長，你又有冇過份依賴某個或幾個大客呢? 如果佢哋鏈你或者執咗，你又會點呢?仲有， 唔單止客人大，佢哋嘅議價能力先至強。如果你嘅產品係市場係冇乜差異化， no differentiation, 人做你做， me too strategy, 個個都係度格價的話，佢哋買家議價能力都係好強。因為人哋平一蚊，佢哋就走咗，buyers are very price sensitive, 你為咗留客，唯有減價。因此，you have to be different， 同其他競爭對手有所唔同， 咁即是你加價，買家都留低幫襯你。 但問心，你盤生意同人哋又有幾唔同呢? (2) 越大供應商的議價能力 Bargaining Power of Suppliers，就會把你成本提升，因為供應商佢哋會加價。員工、舖嘅業主都係間茶餐廳嘅供應商。 銀行就係財務公司嘅供應商， 我最大嘅供應商就係嗰班沽舖嘅業主， 因為每個月我洗緊五千萬入貨。Powerful suppliers will charge higher prices or insist on more favorable terms, lowering industry profitability. by Michael Porter 「議價力強嘅供應商，會收貴啲價錢，或者要求更有利嘅條款 ，導致降低成個行業嘅利潤率。」香港好多生意都係代理某品牌/產品或 franchise (特許經營)開始，佢哋都係供應商。但如果咁多年不斷都只係靠做代理/franchise，好就好，萬一外國某品牌易手或同第二代唔啱，咁就大鑊。Michael Porter 話，如果 switching cost (轉換成本)係高嘅， 例如果佢哋要重新當地請人 、重新開舖、重新鋪設個網絡，供應商都可能焗住留低，佢哋嘅 bargaining power (議價能力)會下降。 但如果， 一下子終止代理或 franchise 協議，就所有嘢歸佢，咁你就大鑊! 供應商嘅議價能力極強， 就好似香港嘅7-11咁。7-11而家在香港開到一千間分店，當中大約400間係特許經營。話就話係特許經營比創業者創業，實質上所有嘢都係歸牛奶公司 (7-11母公司)， 加盟者其實只係攞住嚿錢打份工， 話走就走，人客都唔知發生乜事。 問心，你同我都唔知邊間7-11是嗰400間特許經營。咁樣供應商的議價能力 bargaining power of supplier 就極強。 因此， 我認識好多711的加盟者， 勤力守規矩一定搵到食，但發達，住山頂洋樓養番狗?! 我 so far 仲未聽過。做生意目標，根據 Michael Porter, 就係要把你嘅供應商議價能力降低。 從多啲唔同渠道入貨，流程盡量標準化，好似大家樂/McDonalds 咁，咁對員工既依賴程度亦都會降低。 做代理嘅，就 make sure 即使唔做，啲人物、網絡係歸你。 我識好多朋友，都係一面做代理，另一邊就建立自己品牌， 打長短棍做生意。 代理係短棍(賺錢)，自己品牌係長棍(投資)，睇長線。你又打算點降低你對供應商嘅依賴程度， 增強你自己嘅議價能力呢? (3) 越低入行門檻 Barrier of Entry 就會把你價錢下降及成本提升， 因為多人入嚟爭，自然大家都減價促銷及加價搶人搶貨。Entry barriers protect an industry from newcomers who would add new capacity. by Michael Porter 入行門檻會減低新加入者增加產量。 產量多，自然價格下跌。 向供應放入貨都會多咗，亦都會搶高來貨價。 因此做生意嘅你，就要盡將個入行門檻提升。主要有三方法: (1) 做到好大，有規模經濟(economies of scale)， 咁你每件貨生產嘅平均成本就會下降，即是規模報酬遞增(increasing returns to scale)， 咁競爭對手就好難入嚟同你爭。(2) 做到好專， 只要你有某專業知識，人客就會好依賴獨有技能。 例如我自己唔單止淨係投資地產，我係專買街舖。 我唔單止係領展/黑石等大地產基金，大我唔夠他們大，但我係專買香港五六千萬以下街舖嘅商舖基金。 當你做得專，人客自然好難搵替代品。(3) 當多一個人客使用，對原本個人客價值就提升，this is what we call Network Effect (網絡效應)。例如whatsapp/wechat/facebook/youtube，全世界只得你一個人用就冇用，越人用對你嘅價值就提升。如果你有齊以上三樣嘢，恭喜你，新競爭對手好難入嚟同你爭! 你有排賺錢。 但如果你三樣都冇，你只係 Me too Me Better 嘅策略的話， 我估你只會繼續浮浮沉沉, survive (生存) and sustain (持續)唔難, 但好難 become super successful (好成功). 第四動力 : (4) 越大代替品的威脅 Threat of Substitites 就會把你價格下降， 因為人客可以選擇其他商品，唔駛用你。Substitutes  - products or services that meet the same basic need as the industrys product in a different way - put a cap on industry profitability.  by Michael Porter 「產品或者服務嘅代替品， 會把整個行業嘅利潤封頂。」例如 DVD rental 租碟， 令到好多人唔駛買碟. 有 Netflix 嘅 streaming 就唔駛再去租碟。 有高鐵就搭少啲飛機， 有whatsapp就打少啲電話， 有數碼相機就少人用菲林相機。Its all true! 因此你經常都要諗下你嘅行頭會唔會突然間有代替品 substitutes  去衝擊你成個行業。 咁你點應對呢?包括我自己在內，有網購，就自然落少間舖買嘢。 因此長遠舖價必定受網購影響。 但我只買街舖， 香港有大約有十萬間街舖， 我只想好似7-11咁，當中揸住一千間，我係業主。即1％。 我相信網購點發達，都唔會快過你行過條街口喝入去7-11買包嘢飲。 因此我揀舖都要好小心。 我只買街埔，係因為街舖冇新供應。 網站可以有好多個，商場可以再起一千個，但街鋪無。 啟德、東涌、將軍澳、明日大嶼都好，都係無街舖賣。 物以罕為貴。而我盡量都只買可以做飲食及服務業嘅街舖， 難被網購取代。如果純粹做零售、乾貨，投資就要好小心。你行頭嘅產品或者服務，又輕唔輕易被替代品取代呢?最後 (5) 越大內部競爭的激烈程度 Internal Rivalry 價格就越低及成本也越高，因為大家同行都鬥平鬥靚， 可能導致割喉式競爭。If rivalry is intense, companies compete away the value they create, passing it on to buyers in lower prices or dissipating it in higher costs of competing. by Michael Porter 如果行頭有割喉式競爭，任何價值製造嘅利潤， 都會因為減價或者成本上升而消失。咁你又點知道你個行頭易唔易會有割喉式競爭? 睇6樣嘢: (1) 大家競爭對手係唔係差唔多大細，好多好散。好似街市咁，咁就好容易減價競爭。 但如突然有一兩個大嘅龍頭冒起， 好似百佳/惠康咁，反而會穩定價格。(2) 大家賣嘅產品差唔多， 好容易格價。 例如手機品牌、電子產品。(3) 好多人入嚟爭，唔係為錢而爭， 而係為社會貢獻或者國家任務而爭。(4) 整體行業增長好慢， 甚至乎收縮，變成「困獸鬥」(5) 產品係 perishable 即係 時間係敵人! 呢一刻唔要，之後想要返都唔得。 例如: 酒店房，今晚唔住，聽日就有其他人。 機位今日唔答，聽日就已經飛走咗。 因此今日就大家都要劈價求售。(6) High Exit Barrier 高離開行業嘅門檻， 好多生意，唔係話走就走，好多面子面俾、好多員工要炒、好多數要找、 老豆、阿爺留落嚟， 阿孫阿仔焗住要做， 有生意但唔識變通嘅，唯有減價。Price competition is the most dangerous form of rivalry. by Michael Porter 價格競爭係最危險嘅競爭。 好彩我選擇買舖。因為間間街舖都唔同，有獨特，無炒家會入嚟做蝕本生意，即時今日唔減價賣，一百年後間舖都仲喺度，時間係朋友，舖價仲分分鐘升咗。自問，平時你又有幾大劈價求售嘅壓力呢? 你點樣可以做得獨特性，唔同人哋割喉式競爭呢?  把時間變成朋友呢?以上就係 Michael Porter 1979年首次提出嘅 Porters Five Competitive Forces (行業競爭五大動力)， 近年好多人都提倡應該有第六個。(6) Availability of Complements 互補商品的存在 (仲於有個好嘢!) 。越多就越把價錢提升及成本下降，因為多咗馬路 (車嘅 complements) 就自然更多人想買車， 更多人想買車，就自然車價格上升，每架車生產及銷售成本也下降。做餐廳嘅，Deliveroo 可能係 complements 互補品, 馬上送外賣成本下降。 做電動車嘅，多啲充電站就係互補品，令到多啲人買電動車。4G/5G 上網快咗，係手機遊戲嘅 completment. 唔同嘅 Apps 都係買手機嘅 completment. 越多人創業，都係我買舖嘅 complement. Michael Porter 話做生意，就要明白以上五加一項的行業推動力，點樣影響整個行業嘅利潤。 頭五樣，is not Add-Up effect，唔係睇總和，而係只要一個差至極點， 成個行頭及你盤生意好易玩完。 例如有咗手機網上新聞之後， threat of substitute 代替品嘅威脅，舊式嘅報紙檔/雜誌社就執一間少一間。 如果你做餐廳只得一間舖，咁多年來太依賴某業主單一位置， 唔知係咪因為風水好定心頭好，萬一業主一沽舖，下手買家大幅加租，盤生意也馬上玩完。記住 Bargain power of supplier 業主就係你供應商， 如果你冇得搬，佢議價能力就好強。因此，做生意你就係要盡量想辦法， 把握以上五加一動力，加強你自己嘅生意穩定性及賺錢能力。記住，一開場我話: The real point of competition is not to beat rivals. Its to earn profits. 競爭，最重要唔係要贏對手，而係要賺錢!  要賺錢，長遠賺得穩定，就要好好把握頭5大動力，把他們盡量推下降，及第6動力盡量拉上升。有興趣一齊研究下點做? 聽多啲 Michael Porter，就來我七/八月份星期六嘅早餐會啦! 下集我再同你講 (3) Competitive advantage through your value chain 你的企業價值鏈如何令你更具競爭優勢? 。。。。。My hobby 《星期六早餐會》! 七/八/九月份早餐會 Topic: Applying Michael Porter to your business: How to compete and win! 哈佛分享: 如何應用「米高波特」於你盤生意? 點競爭? 點贏? 講起哈佛策略教授， 無人出名過 Michael Porter. 有幸我2017年在哈佛親身上過他教的課程， 今次早餐會同你分享，希望對你做生意亦有所啟發。有興趣參加啦 😃 每次限四位 (包括我)。 人多傾唔到計。7月/8月份，逢星期六早上9時開始，約三小時半。地點中環。對象: 中小企老闆/創業者/公司管理層，連我限4位。有興趣參加的話，請 whatsapp 你的名片給 Suki (我助手) (+852) 5566 1335。我唔係靠呢行搵食，免費，我請食早餐 😉 Be friends ..... 有機會到時見你。李根興 Edwinwww.edwinlee.com.hkwww.bwfund.com 聯絡李根興 whatsapp (+852) 90361143#michael_porter #競爭策略

Question 2

cannot can not分別 在Facebook 的評價

Accepted Answer

「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

野放台灣五十餘年，貪狼獨坐，三方四正殺破狼格局，少年多舛，白手起家，隨展覽雲遊四海，如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返，遂設幻影堂自詡堂主，一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」，常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純，彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘，了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝，雖非仙人，亦無道骨，初聞離垢地生清淨心，但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠，待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司、稽善司、考過司、恩怨司、壽命司、支配司、掌劫司、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

Question 3

cannot can not分別Beast Runners 跑山獸 在Facebook 的評價

Accepted Answer

Dear CLOUD ULTRA 2021participants,
親愛參加Cloud Ultra 2021的朋友們，您們好

我們想要公佈更多關於Cloud Ultra，但現在看起來仍然不確定，有很多的因素限制CU的未來。
CU是與台中教育大學跟原民局聯盟合作計畫-結合部落市集與跑山活動，主要幫忙我們協調與各公部門單位（如林務局東勢林管處，台中市警察分局，和平區公所，台中市運動局及大安溪流域6大部落頭目里長及協會..等。）
當然我們希望這場活動最後是延期而不是取消，因為我們花了將近一年時間，心力，溝通及成本籌備這場活動，為了想要專心在這場也取消貓空跟叢林野跑，但最後因為疫情臨時取消，對我們非常的心力交瘁。
但現在是非常時期，一定要支持國家防疫工作。

以下是簡單說明可能會發生的情況:
1] 延期到9月11或18日（由於天氣和 Covid 可能不是最佳選擇，但對於聯盟合作計畫是最適合的時間。）
2] 延期到2021年10月（聯盟合作計畫期限已經到，我們需要再找更多資源協助。）
3] 延期到2022年三月/四月（如果沒有再其他的活動，我們公司可能無法在經濟上繼續維持。）
4] 取消（在我們報名規章裡，在活動14天前取消是沒有退費，然而我們仍然在最後一刻快速地取消一些項目，省下20%預算，所以我們可以分別地退款給58公里台幣750元，跟73公里台幣1250元。款項可以直接退費到帳戶或是轉換成優惠卷。）

如果要求部分退款的人數較多，我們將無法承擔費用並取消活動。可以轉換參加名額給另一個人。只有在疫情非常樂觀情況才會開始再報名活動（不提供T-shirt）

請保持安全，希望台灣跟世界會更好，恢復正常的生活。
Petr & Eva

We would like to announce more about Cloud Ultra but the situation still looks uncertain. There are many factors which are limiting held CU in the future. CU is part of a cooperative project with National Taichung University of Education and the Aboriginal Bureau Alliance with the aim to combine tribal fairs and mountain activities. They mainly help us coordinate with various public units (such as Forestry Bureau Dongshi, Taichung City Police, Heping District government office, Taichung City Sports Bureau, and the leaders of the 6 tribes and association in the Daanxi river,... etc.)

We hope this event will be postponed instead of cancelled, because we have spent almost a year of preparation for this event with big effort, communication and financial cost. Due to difficulty and effort requirements, we decided not to hold other events in spring of 2021 (Run Through The Jungle and Ultra Maokong) and focus fully on this unique event. Unfortunately, we had to cancel the event two days prior to its original date of 15th May 2021, due to the acceleration of spreading Covid-19 in Taiwan (it showed it was the best decision). It was very exhausting for us. But in this emergency period everyone must follow and support epidemic prevention measurements.

Below are possible scenarios with brief explanation:
1] postpone to 11th or 18th September 2021 (it is not optimal for event due weather and Covid, but preferred term for project)
2] postpone to October 2021 (village project is over, we may find more resources to support)
3] postpone to March/April 2022 (our company may not sustain financially if we cannot held another event)
4] cancelation (since it was canceled 14 days before the event there are officially no refunds, however we were able to quickly cancel many items and save 20% of budget, which is 750NTD or 1250NTD for 58km and 73km, respectively. This can be refund to account or in form of voucher in case of cancelation)

If there will be many requests for partial refund, we will not be able to bear the cost and will cancel the event. Transfer spot to another person is possible. Registering for the event will be possible only at a very optimistic pandemic level (T-shirts are not available.)

Keep safe and looking for better future in Taiwan and rest of world
Petr & Eva

關於 cannot can not分別 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

「cannot can not分別」的推薦目錄：

cannot can not分別 在 Facebook 的最讚貼文

About author

cannot can not分別 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文

About author

cannot can not分別 在 Beast Runners 跑山獸 Facebook 的最佳貼文

About author

cannot can not分別 在 果籽 Youtube 的最佳貼文

About author

你可能也想看看

搜尋相關連結

關於 cannot can not分別，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

cannot can not分別在 Facebook 的最讚貼文

cannot can not分別在 Facebook 的最佳貼文

cannot can not分別在 Beast Runners 跑山獸 Facebook 的最佳貼文

cannot can not分別在果籽 Youtube 的最佳貼文