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同時也有12部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過4萬的網紅LT VLOG,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Here are our highlights from our two day trip to Kanazawa. We went around the city by car and stayed at an Onsen town in Ishikawa. Learn about the top...
the lens newsletter 在 國家衛生研究院-論壇 Facebook 的最佳貼文
◉【兒虐-科學觀點:負面的童年經驗如何影響我們】
兒童是國家未來的主人翁,保護每個孩子健康安全長大,即是保障國家的繁榮前景,沒有人會否定這樣的理念。但無法享有充分保護的孩子,童年經歷對日後有何影響?
兒童期負面經驗(Adverse Childhood Experience)的研究,始於 30 年前,美國醫院在診治肥胖症病人的意外發現。美國聯邦疾病管制局(CDC)很多年前就開始研究這個議題,不只分析極端個案,而是廣泛討論兒童期不良經驗,包括遭遇:被忽視、貧困、身心虐待、家庭變故等情況,日後帶給成年人的影響,從17,337名長期追蹤案例以及相關研究,所勾勒的事實,令人不由得心生警惕,也帶動美國醫療、教育、社工等領域的實務調整。【註1】
■兒童期負面經驗(Adverse Childhood Experience, ACE)
包括兒虐(情感、語言、肢體)、疏忽(生理、心理)、性侵、雙親具有精神疾病、雙親具有藥酒癮問題、主要照顧者入獄、家暴目睹兒童。
由於兒童時期大腦正處於發展階段,當超出負荷的壓力來臨時,兒童的腦內壓力中樞(杏仁核、下視丘、腦下垂體)被迫要面對這個年齡無法因應的壓力調節,就會產生病理性的改變,有的改變甚至是永久性的。
以目前的研究,這類的經驗會造成腦神經發展的問題(腦容量降低、神經連結減少、出錯或與壓力系統的鏈接過度敏感化)、基因表現的異常(包括免疫機轉的基因調控)與腦及腎上腺素的系統過度活化,進而衍生出許多嚴重的後果。
除了憂鬱、焦慮、強迫、成癮等精神問題外,過度敏感的壓力與免疫系統甚至會導致氣喘、肥胖、糖尿病、心臟病、中風、癌症等生理疾病的產生。
這幾年,關於兒童負面經驗的醫學研究實證,明顯的指出,這是整個社會需要慎重面對的問題,從行為到健康,都會產生相當鉅額的社會成本。【註2】
■兒童期負面經驗越多,健康狀況越糟;受虐兒罹患癌症機率高,平均壽命少19年:1998 年的後續研究,交叉比對了1萬3,494名成年人的「兒童期不良經歷」(Adverse Childhood Experiences, ACEs)問卷得分以及個人健康狀況,所得結果顯示:兒童期經歷的負面經驗越多(ACEs得分越高),健康狀況越糟糕,罹患身心疾病、上癮問題的比例越高。
而研究也指出,經歷7種以上ACEs的人,罹患癌症、狹心症機率更高出一般人3倍,平均壽命僅僅60.6歲,比其他人短少19年以上。
兒童期創傷對健康的影響,最突顯的例子,莫過於美國聯邦女法官布勒克(Judge Mary Elizabeth Bullock)的故事。她曾出書公開童年的不幸遭遇,布勒克長達10年遭父親性侵、凌虐、奴役、甚至被迫賣淫,雖然她沒有放棄自己,靠著堅毅與努力取得高學歷與成功事業,但健康上卻災厄不斷,罹患了4種癌症、紅斑性狼瘡、以及多發性硬化症。
初步調查發表後,吸引更多專家投入研究;童年的負面經驗對成年後的健康影響,逐漸清晰。【註1】
■家暴,影響比我們想像得更深、更遠
甚至到改變基因表現的程度。這樣的改變,甚至可能透過遺傳影響到下一代的下一代。家暴,遠遠不僅是身體的傷害跟心靈的創傷。下次出手前,請想一想,你正在改變孩子的基因。【註2】
■受傷的孩子可以復原嗎?答案是肯定的!
四十來歲的茜生長在充滿暴力的家庭,爸爸從小在子女面前揍媽媽,生來不太聰明的茜,也成為爸爸家暴的對象。茜的童年就在「媽媽被打、哭泣、害怕、尖叫、自己被揍、被抓去掄牆、兄弟時而求情時而躲起來自保」的回憶中長大。長大後,茜被趕出家庭、弟弟多年前自殺、媽媽罹患癌症,一家人形同陌路。
答案是肯定的!但孩子不會自動痊癒,需要用心陪伴,若您是教育工作者,請從「創傷知情照護的角度去理解孩子」。當孩子下次又闖禍時,試著想想:「這孩子發生了什麼事?」而不只是問:「這孩子有什麼問題?」若孩子能感到環境安全、被理解接納,他們便能靜下心學習。(關於創傷知情照護請參考註三連結)
若您是孩子的照顧者,「提供絕對足夠的安全感與陪伴」是最重要的,孩子能擁有令他們安心、熟悉與有能力的照顧者,就會比較容易復原,通常也較不會受到創傷事件長期的影響。
■在此提供三個照護創傷兒童的技巧:
1. 「情緒安撫」
當孩子有激烈情緒時,除了語言的回應外,若孩子願意,可以試著輕柔的擁抱搖晃孩子,許多遭到虐待與疏忽照顧的兒童需要身體的刺激,這麼做可以有效調節孩子的壓力反應系統。
2. 「事先告知」
環境中的任何變動都可能讓孩子感到不安焦慮,變動前,請事先告知孩子提高他對環境的可預測、可控制性。
3. 「耐心等待」
關於創傷事件,切勿急著與孩子討論,在孩子未準備好前恐再次傷害他。尊重孩子想說的時間與方式,孩子若得到足夠的理解與回應,就比較能以具彈性(flexibility)的方式重新看待過往創傷。
提供友善的成長環境與正向人際經驗,是每個人的責任!關懷互動愈多,哪怕只是點個頭或眼神接觸,都能夠提高創傷孩子的復原力(resilience),幫助他們讓從傷痛中成長。我們一起,用愛守護下一代。【註3】
【Reference】
■「國家衛生研究院論壇出版品」
- 兒童虐待之現今困境與解決之道:https://forum.nhri.edu.tw/book-106-2/
- 兒虐議題之資訊整合與政策建言:https://forum.nhri.edu.tw/book-107-6/
- 兒虐議題之教育推廣與提升警政人員專業兒保效能:https://forum.nhri.edu.tw/book-108-1/
1.來源
➤➤資料
∎【註1】
(報導者 The Reporter)科學觀點:負面的童年經驗如何影響我們:https://www.twreporter.org/a/adverse-childhood-experiences
∎【註2】
李俊宏 (Chun Hung Lee)(嘉南療養院醫師)「兒童負面經驗(adverse childhood experiences)」:
https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10223141168934257&id=1133119129
∎【註3】
The News Lens 關鍵評論網「有一種毒,比塑化劑更毒,它叫做童年創傷(ACEs)」:https://www.thenewslens.com/article/130816
➤➤照片
∎ California Association for Nurse Practitioners「ACEs Aware - Using Science to Break the Serious Long-Term Health Implications of Childhood Trauma」:https://canpweb.org/resources/connections-newsletter/2020-editions/connections-march-2020/aces-aware/
∎【註3】
2. 【國衛院論壇出版品 免費閱覽】
▶國家衛生研究院論壇出版品-電子書(PDF)-線上閱覽:
https://forum.nhri.org.tw/publications/
3. 【國衛院論壇學術活動】
➤https://forum.nhri.org.tw/events/
#國家衛生研究院 #國衛院 #國家衛生研究院論壇 #國衛院論壇 #衛生福利部 #衛生福利部社會及家庭署
#兒虐 #兒童期負面經驗 #ACE
衛生福利部社會及家庭署 / 衛生福利部 / 財團法人國家衛生研究院 / 國家衛生研究院-論壇
the lens newsletter 在 LT VLOG Youtube 的精選貼文
Here are our highlights from our two day trip to Kanazawa. We went around the city by car and stayed at an Onsen town in Ishikawa. Learn about the top things to do in Kanazawa.
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the lens newsletter 在 LT VLOG Youtube 的精選貼文
Shirakawago is a nice day trip destination from Nagoya. You can get there by car or bus and it is like stepping into another time, where life was simpler.
The rice fields are bright green in summer, but in winter when everything is covered in snow it Shirakawago turns into a fairytale world. No matter what time of the year you visit it is always beautiful.
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the lens newsletter 在 LT VLOG Youtube 的最佳貼文
Takayama is an amazing place for a short visit. We only spent about 24 hours there but there is actually a lot more to discover. Don't forget to check out the old town, Takayama Jinya & Sakurayama Hachimangu. For food visit the Center4Hamburgers and have dinner at Juraku.
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Learn about Japanese history at Takayama Jinya
Opening Hours: 8:45 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Admission: 430 Yen
Google Maps: https://www.google.co.jp/maps/place/Takayama+Jinya/@36.1396312,137.2576045,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x98f5f71172f591e1!8m2!3d36.1396312!4d137.2576045
Eat delicious burgers at the Center 4 Hamburgers
Opening Hours: 11 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. and 6 p.m. - 9:30 p.m. closed Wednesdays
Google Maps: https://www.google.co.jp/maps/place/CENTER4+HAMBURGERS/@36.1410627,137.261005,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xe79cbb75d382c88c?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwih-dCz57ncAhVBW7wKHW41B1AQ_BIIlwEwCg
Have dinner at Juraku
Opening Hours: 11 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. and 5 p.m. - 9 p.m. closed Tuesdays
Google Maps: https://www.google.co.jp/maps/place/Juraku/@36.1417104,137.2604806,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xb2f6eeadf4c9dcb0?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidrY7h57ncAhVIV7wKHfa6ApYQ_BIIeTAK
Spend the night at Utatei Takayama
Book here: https://www.booking.com/hotel/jp/utatei-takayama.en-gb.html?aid=1552797
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