關於 lebanon before the civil war ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

สรุป ประเทศ เลบานอน ฉบับสมบูรณ์ /โดย ลงทุนแมน
เลบานอน ประเทศเล็กๆ ที่ตั้งอยู่ในภูมิภาคตะวันออกกลาง
มีชายฝั่งทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนอยู่ทางทิศตะวันตก
ทิศเหนือและทิศตะวันออกถูกล้อมรอบด้วยประเทศซีเรีย ส่วนทางทิศใต้ติดกับประเทศอิสราเอล
...Continue ReadingSummary of Lebanon. Complete edition / Investman
Lebanon, a small country located in the Middle East region.
There's a Mediterranean coast on the west.
North and East are surrounded by Syria, south bound by Israel.

When I see from the location, it's not difficult to guess.
Conflict and Civil War from neighboring countries
Must impact the economy of this country. Not more or less.

Even Lebanon doesn't have as much oil as other Arab countries in the Middle East region.
But did you know that people in this country have more GDP per capita than Thai people..

So what is the economy of Lebanon now?
Investman will tell you about it.
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Lebanon has an area of only 10,452 square kilometers close to Khon Kaen province.
But there are over 6.8 million population
Making population density in this country up to 650 people per square kilometer.

Density populations come from country's abundance.
Lebanese area is one of the most fertile areas in the Middle East area.
And by the Mediterranean coastline.
This land is so many people have come to colonize as a trade city since thousands of years ago.

Historically, this land was formerly the Phoenician Empire which has been famous for railroading and trade since 3,000 years ago, Kristol.
Before being mixed into the Roman Empire.

When I arrived in the Middle Ages, this land became a Christian community in the Crusade war.

Lebanese lands were taken over by the Ottoman Empire, which was the Muslim Empire until the Ottoman Empire collapsed after losing WWII, the British and France champions.
So the lands were brought into their own mandate.

By France, Mediterranean coastal lands take over.
Subsequently divided into northern Syria, drought and fruitful southern Lebanon.

Lebanese's fertility makes Beirut Capital become a major commercial hub of the region. Lebanese businessmen have developed capital into financial hub.

When rich, money comes to build a beautiful jar house building according to French influence until Beirut is nicknamed ′′ Paris of Middle East

When I get independence from France in July. B.E. 1943

Lebanese independence period, there are more Christians than Muslims.
So there is a national agreement that the president must be Christians.
But then when Muslims are more proportional, they start to offend.
There are several incident of presidential assassination.

Lebanon is the only country in the Middle East with Christians in the highest proportion.
It's about 35 % of the population, while another population of 60 % are Muslims.

Religious conflict led to Lebanese civil war that lasted over 15 years.
Since the year of July. 1975-1975 1990 Damage to the beautiful buildings of Beirut

In terms of the economy.
Lebanon is a fertile country so it exports many crops.
Especially crops growing in a Mediterranean climate.
Grapes, olives, fruits, citrus and nuts, including wine and olive oil.

But agricultural crops are not Lebanese's most important export products..

Lebanon's number 1 export product is 41 % gems and jewelry.
Year 2019, Lebanon exports these products to over 37,000 million baht.
Lebanon doesn't have many sources of minerals or gems.

With regard to Beirut is a trading and financial hub.
A Lebanese businessman is an international trade associate in Africa and Arab countries.

No import tax on mineral assets, metals and jewellery enables Lebanon to import precious mineral from African countries for cheap.
Plus, the smart Lebanese artisans and wage are almost half cheaper than European regional artisans.

Make Beirut one of the key gemstone hubs.
Tabbah company Lebanese jewelry company leaders in jewelry design
There are customers all over the world

Apart from agricultural produce and gems
With Lebanon's foundations of ancient kingdoms.
Lebanon has many ancient landmarks, Roman Theatre, Christ Church.
The Ottoman Mosque is a small country but has more than 5 cultural world heritage.

Tourism is a major economic sector. In 2018, there were 4.7 million tourists.
Make money over 2.6 hundred thousand baht.

Not much population but Lebanon has economic diversity
Make Lebanese economic size 1.8 trillion baht
Lebanese have GDP per capita 267,000 baht.
More than Thai people with GDP per capita, 237,000 baht.

However, since the Civil War in Syria.
Slow down Lebanese's economy, especially tourism sector
By the number of tourists dropped from the highest point in 2012, at 5.5 million to nearly 1 million people.

Reduced income has deficit Lebanon.
Government expenditure increasing, both from economic stimulating policies.
And to support over 1 million Syrian immigrants.
Lebanese public debt skyrocketed to 155 % of GDP

So the government needs to earn more income by trying to tax both cigarettes, oil tax and tax for phone calls via social media from Social Media such as WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, FaceTime

This causes displeasure to the public that led to violent protests in 2019
Destroyed Lebanon's GDP in 2019, more than 5.6 % negative.

But that wasn't enough..

2020 Lebanon's economy was repeated by the COVID-19 outbreak.
Lebanon has more than 5,000 COVID-19 infected people amid a heavy outbreak in the region, especially neighboring countries like Israel.
Make tourism and economic activity halt
Repeat the broken economy. Let's get worse

Besides that, there was a recent incident unexpectedly..
Big bomb incident 2 ripple at Port Beirut on August 4
Heavy damage to Beirut, Lebanese economic hub.

Government has set for capital to become disaster areas.
And declared an emergency situation for 2 weeks

Nobody knows when this bad thing will end.
2020 was a heavy year for all countries
And the most tough country should have this country in it.. Lebanon

May everything go well.
#PrayForLebanon..
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There's a podcast to listen to on the go.
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References
-http://www.worldstopexports.com/lebanons-top-10-exports/
-https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/countries/124/export-basket
-https://blog.blominvestbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Lebanese-Jewelry-Industry-Radiant-yet-Opaque1.pdf
-https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=LBTranslated

🇩🇰 這是一篇深度報導，來自歐洲現存最古老的報紙：丹麥Weekendavisen，題目是從香港抗爭運動、香港聯繫加泰羅尼亞的集會，前瞻全球大城市的「永久革命」。一篇報導訪問了世界各地大量學者，我也在其中，雖然只是每人一句，加在一起，卻有了很完整的圖像。

以下為英譯：

Protest! The demonstrations in Hong Kong were just the beginning. Now there are unrest in big cities from Baghdad to Barcelona. Perhaps the stage is set for something that could look like a permanent revolution in the world's big cities.

A world on the barricades

At the end of October, an hour after dark, a group of young protesters gathered at the Chater Garden Park in Hong Kong. Some of them wore large red and yellow flags. The talk began and the applause filled the warm evening air. There were slogans of independence, and demands of self-determination - from Spain. For the protest was in sympathy with the Catalan independence movement.

At the same time, a group of Catalan protesters staged a protest in front of the Chinese Consulate in Barcelona in favor of Hong Kong's hope for more democracy. The message was not to be mistaken: We are in the same boat. Or, as Joshua Wong, one of the leading members of the Hong Kong protest movement, told the Catalan news agency: "The people of Hong Kong and Catalonia both deserve the right to decide their own destiny."

For much of 2019, Hong Kong's streets have been ravaged by fierce protests and a growing desperation on both sides, with escalating violence and vandalism ensuing. But what, do observers ask, if Hong Kong is not just a Chinese crisis, but a warning of anger that is about to break out globally?

Each week brings new turmoil from an unexpected edge. In recent days, attention has focused on Chile. Here, more than 20 people have lost their lives in unrest, which has mainly been about unequal distribution of economic goods. Before then, the unrest has hit places as diverse as Lebanon and the Czech Republic, Bolivia and Algeria, Russia and Sudan.

With such a geographical spread, it is difficult to bring the protests to any sort of common denominator, but they all reflect a form of powerlessness so acute that traditional ways of speaking do not seem adequate.

Hardy Merriman, head of research at the International Center for Nonviolent Conflict in Washington, is not in doubt that it is a real wave of protest and that we have not seen the ending yet.

"I have been researching non-violent resistance for 17 years, and to me it is obvious that there are far more popular protest movements now than before. Often the protests have roots in the way political systems work. Elsewhere, it is about welfare and economic inequality or both. The two sets of factors are often related, ”he says.

Economic powerlessness

Hong Kong is a good example of this. The desire among the majority of Hong Kong's seven million residents to maintain an independent political identity vis-à-vis the People's Republic of China is well known, but the resentment of the streets is also fueled by a sense of economic powerlessness. Hong Kong is one of the most unequal communities in the world, and especially the uneven access to the real estate market is causing a stir.

According to Lee Chun-wing, a sociologist at Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the turmoil in the city is not just facing Beijing, but also expressing a daunting showdown with the neoliberal economy, which should diminish the state's role and give the market more influence, but in its real form often ends with the brutal arbitrariness of jungle law.

'The many protests show that neoliberalism is unable to instill hope in many. And as one of the world's most neoliberal cities, Hong Kong is no exception. While the protests here are, of course, primarily political, there is no doubt that social polarization and economic inequality make many young people not afraid to participate in more radical protests and do not care whether they are accused of damage economic growth, 'he says.

The turmoil is now so extensive that it can no longer be dismissed as a coincidence. Something special and significant is happening. As UN Secretary General António Guterres put it last week, it would be wrong to stare blindly at the superficial differences between the factors that get people on the streets.
“There are also common features that are recurring across the continents and should force us to reflect and respond. It is clear that there is growing distrust between the people and the political elites and growing threats to the social contract. The world is struggling with the negative consequences of globalization and the new technologies that have led to growing inequality in individual societies, "he told reporters in New York.

Triggered by trifles

In many cases, the riots have been triggered by questions that may appear almost trivial on the surface. In Chile, there was an increase in the price of the capital's subway equivalent to 30 Danish cents, while in Lebanon there were reports of a tax on certain services on the Internet. In both places, it was just the reason why the people have been able to express a far more fundamental dissatisfaction.

In a broad sense, there are two situations where a population is rebelling, says Paul Almeida, who teaches sociology at the University of California, Merced. The first is when more opportunities suddenly open up and conditions get better. People are getting hungry for more and trying to pressure their politicians to give even more concessions.

“But then there is also the mobilization that takes place when people get worse. That seems to be the overall theme of the current protests, even in Hong Kong. People are concerned about various kinds of threats they face. It may be the threat of inferior economic conditions, or it may be a more political threat of erosion of rights. But the question is why it is happening right now. That's the 10,000-kroner issue, ”says Almeida.

Almeida, who has just published the book Social Movements: The Structure of Social Mobilization, even gives a possible answer. A growing authoritarian, anti-democratic flow has spread across the continents and united rulers in all countries, and among others it is the one that has now triggered a reaction in the peoples.

“There is a tendency for more use of force by the state power. If we look at the death toll in Latin America, they are high considering that the countries are democracies. This kind of violence is not usually expected in democratic regimes in connection with protests. It is an interesting trend and may be related to the authoritarian flow that is underway worldwide. It's worth watching, 'he says.

The authoritarian wave

Politologists Anna Lürhmann and Staffan Lindberg from the University of Gothenburg describe in a paper published earlier this year a "third autocratic wave." Unlike previous waves, for example, in the years before World War II, when democracy was beaten under great external drama , the new wave is characterized by creeping. It happens little by little - in countries like Turkey, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Hungary and Russia - at such a slow pace that you barely notice it.

Even old-fashioned autocrats nowadays understand the language of democracy - the only acceptable lingua franca in politics - and so the popular reaction does not happen very often when it becomes clear at once that the electoral process itself is not sufficient to secure democratic conditions. Against this backdrop, Kenneth Chan, a politician at Hong Kong Baptist University, sees the recent worldwide wave of unrest as an expression of the legitimacy crisis of the democratic regimes.

“People have become more likely to take the initiative and take part in direct actions because they feel that they have not made the changes they had hoped for through the elections. In fact, the leaders elected by the peoples are perceived as undermining the institutional guarantees of citizens' security, freedom, welfare and rights. As a result, over the past decade, we have seen more democracies reduced to semi-democracies, hybrid regimes and authoritarian regimes, ”he says.

"Therefore, we should also not be surprised by the new wave of resistance from the people. On the surface, the spark may be a relatively innocent or inconsiderate decision by the leadership, but people's anger quickly turns to what they see as the cause of the democratic deroute, that is, an arrogant and selfish leadership, a weakened democratic control, a dysfunctional civil society. who are no longer able to speak on behalf of the people. ”The world is changing. Anthony Ince, a cardiff at Cardiff University who has researched urban urban unrest, sees the uprisings as the culmination of long-term nagging discontent and an almost revolutionary situation where new can arise.

"The wider context is that the dominant world order - the global neoliberalism that has dominated since the 1980s - is under pressure from a number of sides, creating both uncertainty and at the same time the possibility of change. People may feel that we are in a period of uncertainty, confusion, anxiety, but perhaps also hope, ”he says.
Learning from each other.

Apart from mutual assurances of solidarity the protest movements in between, there does not appear to be any kind of coordination. But it may not be necessary either. In a time of social media, learning from each other's practices is easy, says Simon Shen, a University of Hong Kong political scientist.

“They learn from each other at the tactical level. Protesters in Hong Kong have seen what happened in Ukraine through YouTube, and now protesters in Catalonia and Lebanon are taking lessons from Hong Kong. It's reminiscent of 1968, when baby boomers around the globe were inspired by an alternative ideology to break down rigid hierarchies, 'he says.
But just as the protest movements can learn from each other, the same goes for their opponents. According to Harvard political scientist Erica Chenoweth, Russia has been particularly active in trying to establish cooperation with other authoritarian regimes, which feel threatened by riots in the style of the "color revolutions" on the periphery of the old Soviet empire at the turn of the century.

"It has resulted in joint efforts between Russian, Chinese, Iranian, Venezuelan, Belarusian, Syrian and other national authorities to develop, systematize and report on techniques and practices that have proved useful in trying to contain such threats," writes Chenoweth in an article in the journal Global Responsibility to Protect.

Max Fisher and Amanda Taub, commentators at the New York Times, point to the social media as a double-edged sword. Not only are Twitter and Facebook powerful weapons in the hands of tech-savvy autocrats. They are also of questionable value to the protesting grass roots. With WhatsApp and other new technologies, it is possible to mobilize large numbers of interested and almost-interested participants in collective action. But they quickly fall apart again.

The volatile affiliation is one of the reasons why, according to a recent survey, politically motivated protests today only succeed in reaching their targets in 30 percent of cases. A generation ago, the success rate was 70 percent. Therefore, unrest often recurs every few years, and they last longer, as Hong Kong is an example of. Perhaps the scene is set for something that might resemble a permanent revolution in the world's big cities - a kind of background noise that other residents will eventually just get used to.

"Since there is still no obvious alternative to neoliberalism, the polarization that led to the protests initially will probably continue to apply," says Lee of Hong Kong Polytechnic University. "At the same time, this means that the anger and frustration will continue to rumble in society."