慕尼黑會議呢個例子各位同學係作答WW2呢個課題時候經常會用到,大家唔可以唔識啊。以下就俾少少呢個例子嘅示範同學參考下啦 :-)
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1⃣ 題目示範:經濟大蕭條的影響對於第二次世界大戰爆發有多大重要性?
段落示範:
經濟大蕭條導致英、法兩國採取綏靖政策,埋下二次大戰爆發的伏線。由於美國於一次大戰貸款予歐洲國家,以助歐洲國家重建經濟,但經濟大蕭條則使美國撤回貸款,造成連鎖反應,英、法兩國國內大量工廠及企業因而倒閉,通貨膨脹及失業問題等問題十分嚴重,令本已疲弱不堪的經濟百上加斤,迫使英、法須集中解決國內經濟問題,故採取綏靖政策,增加了侵略者的野心,如於慕尼黑會議(1938)中將蘇台德區割予德國,使德國於其後吞併捷克全境,二次大戰亦終因德國入侵波蘭而爆發。可見,經濟大蕭條對二次大戰爆發極具重要性。
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2⃣ 題目示範:追溯並解釋1900-1939 年間德國及意大利兩國關係的發展。
段落示範:
第四階段為德﹑意關係的友好期(1933-39),兩國關係密切。自1933年起,兩國互相支持各國的擴張,並結成同盟關係,如如1935年國聯對意大利侵略阿比西尼亞作出經濟制裁時,德國無視國聯指示,繼續與意大利進行貿易。此外,於1938年,意大利亦於慕尼黑會議中支持德國取得捷克蘇台德區,反映兩國關係靠攏。同時,意大利加入德日締結的《反共產國際協定》,形成柏林—羅馬—東京軸心(1937),並於1939年與德﹑意簽訂《鋼鐵條約》,結成軍事同盟,兩國更於二戰爆發後維持緊密的盟友關係。
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3⃣ 題目示範:評估列強於1900-39年間為維持和平努力嘗試的成效。
段落示範:
會議的召開亦無助於締造和平。雖然列強希望透過召開會議的方式以解決問題,締造和平,如倫敦會議(1913年)、巴黎和會(1919年)及慕尼黑會議(1938年)。然而,此等會議不但未能有效解決問題,更造成新的問題。例如在第一次巴爾幹戰爭後召開的倫敦會議未能使巴爾幹小國感到滿意,繼而導致第二次巴爾幹戰爭(1913年)的爆發,破壞和平。而且,巴黎和會更甚,巴黎和會嚴懲德國使日後納粹希特拉上台,同時,對意大利的不公使墨索里尼於1922年上台,而民族自決原則更成為侵略者侵略的藉口。至1938年的慕尼黑會議,英、法兩國對德國的讓步反增加了德國侵略的野心,於1939年吞併捷克全境,更於1939年9月1日突襲波蘭,使二次大戰爆發。可見,和會的召開並無助於締造和平,更有助戰爭的爆發。
🚩 歷史.今天 History.Today
1938年9月29日 29 September 1938
慕尼黑協定 Munich Agreement
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自納粹希特拉於1933年上台,其銳意撕毀《凡爾賽條約》,擴張土地,恢復德國的強國地位。於1938年希特拉輕易吞併奧地利後,隨即將目標投放到蘇台德區Sudetenland。但由於捷克於蘇台德區佈下了35個師的軍力,加上捷克與法、俄有軍事防衛的協議,故以力取實為不智。但由於蘇台德區有300多萬日耳曼人居住,因此,為希特拉提出了最佳的侵略的藉口。
When Nazi Hitler rose to power in 1933, he was determined for the violation of the Treaty of Versailles, expansion of territories, and restoration of Germany as a power. In 1938, Hitler annexed Austria at ease, so he soon targeted at Sudetenland. Since Czechoslovakia set up 35 divisions in Sudetenland, together with the agreement signed between Czechoslovakia, France and the USSR, it was not wise for Hitler to take over the territories by means of violence. Yet, as there were over 3 million Germans living in Sudetenland, Hitler made use of this pretext to carry out his invasion.
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於1938年9月,希特拉發表演說強烈批評捷克虐待境內的日耳曼人,亦引用「民族自決」的原則,提出合併蘇台德區的要求,並表示不惜以戰爭的手段以達成目的。
On September, 1938, Hitler delivered a speech cristicising that Czechoslovakia tortured Germans who lived in its territory. He also cited the principle of national self-determination, demanding the combination with Sudetenland. Lastly, he claimed that he would exhaust all means, including wars, to reach his goal.
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英國首相張伯倫與法國總理達拉第為解決是次危機,於1938年9月28在德國慕尼黑召開了英、法、德、意四國首腦會議。最終,四國於9月30日零晨約1時30分簽訂了《慕尼黑協定》(文件日期是1938年9月29日),將屬於捷克的蘇台德區割讓予德國。
British Prime Minister Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Daladier held a conference in Munich (Germany) on September 28, 1939 with the participation of Britain, France, Germany and Italy in order to solve this crisis. Eventually, the four countries signed the Munich Agreement at 1 a.m. on September 30, but the date of it was actually on September 29, 1938. They reached a consensus that Sudetenland had to cede to Germany.
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《慕尼黑協定》是英、法採取綏靖政策的代表例子。英國首相張伯倫認為此次會議是綏靖政策的勝利,但諷刺的是,慕尼黑會議割讓了蘇台德區予德國,加上會後波蘭及匈牙利趁火打劫,佔領了部分捷克的土地,使捷克的防衛能力受到削弱,最終德國於1939年3月兵不血刃地吞併了捷克全境。
Munich agreement was an example of appeasement policy adopted by Britain and France. British Prime Minister Chamberlain thought that this conference was a victory of appeasement policy. However, sarcastically, the cession of Sudetenland to Germany under the Munich Conference weakened the defense of Czechoslovakia. Besides, Poland and Hungary plundered some of the territories of Czechoslovakia, further undermining the defense of it. At last, Germany invaded the whole Czechoslovakia on March, 1939.
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* 圖片內由左至右分別是墨索里尼(意大利)、希特拉(德國)、德國翻譯員及張伯倫(英國)。
* The picture shows Mussolini (Italy), Hitler (Germany), German translator, Chamberlain (Britain) from left to right.
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Provided by: K.W. Ho
Translated by: Edward Lee
圖片來源(Photo from):http://ww2db.com/image.php?image_id=8332
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