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那些創業失敗者，為何並不會吃一塹長一智？
Why Entrepreneurs Don’t Learn from Their Mistakes
開啟「接收通知」和「搶先看」每天吸收雙語時事新知
來讀華爾街日報獨家
🤔“Fail fast,” see what didn’t work and try again is the conventional wisdom. But research shows failed founders aren’t any better the next time.
要「快速試錯」——行不通的就果斷放棄，然後重新開始，這是在創業人士中流行已久的一種觀念。還有人堅信，失敗是成功之母。但是研究顯示，那些曾經失敗過的創業者在開啟新的創業征程後，並沒有比之前做得更好。
😕Part of the folklore about successful entrepreneurs is that they succeeded because they first failed. “Fail fast,” entrepreneurs are often told, and you’ll learn valuable lessons that will help you in your next venture. But this is a myth. While second-chance stories are comforting, my research shows that entrepreneurs don’t learn from their mistakes. In fact, it’s the opposite: Fail once and you’re most likely to fail again. Believing in the myth only sets entrepreneurs up for more failure—and leads to disappointment and frustration.
在坊間流傳的創業成功秘訣中，有這樣一條：成功企業家之所以成功，要歸功於他們的第一次失敗。創業者常常被告知，要「快速試錯」，從中學到的寶貴教訓將為你的下一次創業提供助力。然而，這其實是個謬論。雖然這套「二次創業成功論」聽上去很美好，但經過我研究後發現，創業者並不會從犯過的錯誤中汲取教訓。實際上恰恰相反，失敗過一次，他們很可能再一次失敗。如果相信這套謬論，只會給創業者帶來更多的失敗，以及失望和挫折。
❌Why does this happen? Why don’t entrepreneurs learn from failure? For one thing, learning is difficult in startup contexts. Usually, when we think of learning, we think about gaining expertise through regular practice. In his “Outliers” book, for instance, Malcolm Gladwell calculates that it takes about 10,000 hours of practice to be a chess grandmaster.
為什麼會這樣？為什麼創業者不會從失敗中汲取教訓？第一個原因是，在創業環境中，學習是件困難的事情。通常來說，一談到學習，我們就會想到，要通過日常練習來掌握專業知識。作嘉麥爾坎・葛拉威爾在他的著作《異數》中計算過，成為一位國際象棋大師，大約需要1萬個小時的練習。
🎲But part of the reason practice pays off is because a chessboard is regular: It always has 64 squares and starts off with 32 pieces. You face one competitor. Likewise, in football, a consistent number of players on offense face a consistent number of defenders and try to advance by clear, regular rules.
但之所以反覆練習能帶來回報，原因之一是因為國際象棋的棋盤是規則化的：它永遠都有64個格子和32個棋子，只有一個對手。同樣的道理，在足球比賽裡，固定人數的進攻方面對固定人數的防守方，在清晰的規則下展開較量。
未完待續...
到底為什麼老是學不會呢？
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chess rules 在 How to Play Chess: 7 Steps To Get You Started 的相關結果
Set Up The Chess Board; Learn To Move The Pieces; Discover The Special Rules; Learn Who Makes The First Move; Check Out The Rules On How To Win ... ... <看更多>