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【#張正修 專欄】美國的保守勢力與自由至上主義
美國總統大選已經底定，美國參議院對川普前總統的彈劾也沒有通過，「共和黨 VS 民主黨」的政治圖式仍然是美國政治的主流。不過，看得出來的是儘管美國對於中國的威脅已經是美國人的共識，但是拜登的溫和似乎被習近平看破手腳，習近平首先來一個緬甸政變要看美國怎麼出手。如果是川普連任的話，我想習近平可能連個屁都不太敢放，不過，拜登會不會謀靜而後動，給習近平一刀斃命呢？這就要看接下來的發展了。
者在民報的專欄（2021年1月10日，〈美國的新保守主義與美國的對外政策〉 ）中，有說到：保守勢力有四股力量，亦即：傳統主義、自由至上主義（libertarianism）、宗教右派、新保守主義。四股力量在「主張反共主義」與「主張liberal 走過頭」上面，具有共同的思想，所以他們在 1980年的總統選舉當中，就投票給共和黨的雷根，而形成保守勢力。其中，雷根所採行的新自由主義（Neo Liberalism）是與自由至上主義強烈結合在一起的。為了瞭解美國政治思想的發展，作者打算在本次的專欄當中介紹美國的 #自由至上主義。
#美國的保守勢力 #新保守主義
สำหรับคนที่เก่งภาษาอังกฤษประมาณนึง ลองไปอ่านสิ่งนี้ พอลได้แชร์ความรู้ทางการเมืองที่น่าสนใจ เก็บไว้เป็นความรู้จ้า
Paul’s English oddities: systems of government
Given the political turmoil in Thailand, you might like to brush up on some English terms for different types of government. Some of them you will know already; some are quite obscure. This is not a complete list so, if the one you are looking for is not here, feel free to ask me!
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Part One: Ideas relevant to the political debate in Thailand at the moment.
Democracy: rule by the people, normally via elected representatives.
Absolute monarchy: direct rule by the monarch.
Constitutional monarchy: a system in which the monarch is the head of state but limited by a constitution, normally as part of a democracy.
Autocracy: rule by a single person.
Oligarchy: rule by a small but powerful group, who are often rich.
Plutocracy: rule by the rich.
Kleptocracy: rule by thieves (in other words, rule by a totally corrupt government).
Note: Plutocracy and kleptocracy are quite obscure words; most people don’t know them. But perhaps it’s time they got used more!
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Part Two: Some other systems.
Theocracy: rule by a god or gods (which in practice means rule by religious leaders).
Communism: a system of absolute equality, normally enforced by the state.
A republic: a country with no monarchy.
Anarchism: self-determination with no overall government. Note: The word ‘anarchy’ is also used to describe chaos, but the political idea of anarchy is not the same thing!
Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership and the pursuit of personal or corporate profit.
Socialism: a political and economic system based on shared ownership and the pursuit of collective benefit.
Social Democracy: the gradual, gentle introduction of socialist values through democratic processes.
Eco-socialism: a form of socialism that links social issues to environmental issues.
Liberalism: belief in liberty and equality, with state intervention kept fairly minimal.
Libertarianism: belief that liberty is the most important thing and that the state should be kept to an absolute minimum.
Fascism: extreme authoritarianism and nationalism, often linked to a belief in racial superiority and generally imposed by violence.
Totalitarianism: complete subjugation of the people by the state. Communism and Fascism have historically tended to be totalitarian.
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Part Three: Right, Left and Centre!
Right-wing: a general belief in hierarchy and competition. Fascism is an extreme form of right-wing thought. Capitalism is also right-wing.
Left-wing: a general belief in equality and cooperation. Communism is an extreme form left-wing thought. Social Democracy is a non-extreme form.
Centrist: neither right-wing nor left-wing. Liberalism is an example of centrism.
Note: Some people find the right-left axis useful to describe politics; others find it too simplistic.
Interesting fact: The terms left-wing and right-wing were first used during the French Revolution, and originally referred to the seating arrangements of the French government.
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If there’s anything you don’t understand, please ask me!
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liberalism libertarianism 在 What is the difference between liberalism and libertarianism? 的推薦與評價
Main difference. Liberals believe in government ordained belief structure, Libertarians believe in free will with limited government. Ron Swanson from Parks and ... ... <看更多>
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