❓醫生,我該不該打COVID-19 疫苗❓
最近,台灣疫情持續三級。許多 備孕中、懷孕中、哺乳中的朋友紛紛詢問,是否可以接種疫苗?疫苗原本的設計與產出,就是為了 緩解疫情、中斷傳遞鏈、保障民眾的健康、維持人類社會文明。因此,「接種疫苗」的策略本身是沒有疑慮的。如今,會有這樣的提問,最主要的原因是,當初各種疫苗臨床試驗都刻意避開 備孕中、懷孕中、哺乳中的族群, 導致無法有足夠的臨床數據,來說明這些族群施打的安全性。
當醫生給予病人諮詢意見時,必須遵循醫學倫理的準則。即 行善原則:在實證、嚴謹、透明和負責的臨床判斷下,醫師提供給病人的臨床處置必須 在預期上 會帶給病人臨床利益的。同時,也要尊重病人的自主權:也就是,透過提供給病人這些善意的臨床判斷訊息,要能夠讓患者就其病情的臨床處置,做出知情和自願的決定。並且,也應遵循謹慎原則:即 當對危險有疑問時,應想辦法預防危險、謹慎行事。
於是乎,世界上不同的政府、不同的專業醫學會,依據醫學倫理的認知與控制疫情的著眼點,對於這三類族群是否施打疫苗,也有不盡相同的指引。
🎈美國疾病管理局(CDC)宣布:如果 被建議接種COVID-19 疫苗的民眾,恰巧又懷孕,可以接種。若有問題,與醫師討論。
🎈美國婦產科醫學會:懷孕中、哺乳中的民眾, 如果在優先接種名單中,可以接種COVID-19 疫苗。
🎈母嬰醫學會(SMFM):懷孕中、哺乳中的民眾, 如果合乎接種COVID-19 疫苗 的條件, 應予施打。
🎈美國生殖醫學會(ASRM):接受不孕症治療或懷孕中的病人,應該被鼓勵接種疫苗。但是,在諮詢時,仍應考量醫學倫理的原則,即自主權原則、行善原則、 不傷害原則。
🎈加拿大婦產科醫學會(SOGC):對懷孕中或哺乳中的民眾,如果不接種COVID-19疫苗的危險機率超過接種的危險機率的話,就應該接種。
🎈奧地利:懷孕或哺乳中的婦女不應該接種COVID-19疫苗。但是其配偶應該接種。
🎈法國:懷孕中的婦女不建議接種,因為安全的資訊仍不足夠。
🎈德國:因為資訊仍嫌不足,懷孕中或哺乳中的婦女必須經過利與弊的評估後,才給予建議。
🎈英國:先前看法,孕婦不應該接種(as of December 30, 2020)。現在的看法,如果孕婦屬於高危險群,應該與醫師討論,考量是否接種。
🎈紐西蘭:孕婦應該延後接種。
🎈以色列:備孕中、懷孕中、哺乳中的婦女應該接種COVID-19疫苗。
🎈日本:因為疫苗的安全資訊不足,孕婦不建議施打。
🎈世界衛生組織 (WHO):如果是孕婦並且是高危險族群,與醫師討論後,決定是否接種COVID-19疫苗。
✅ 歐洲生殖醫學會 (ESHRE) 與時俱進,於這個月(June 2021) 更新了指引。 對於疫苗的施打,從較謹慎,變成較寬鬆,的建議。大家可以參考我以下的 slides。
[參考文獻]:
1. Adhikari EH and Spong CY. COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnant and Lactating Women. JAMA 2021: 325; 1039-1040.
2. Beharier O, Plitman Mayo R, Raz T, Nahum Sacks K, Schreiber L, Suissa-Cohen Y, Chen R, Gomez-Tolub R, Hadar E, Gabbay-Benziv R, et al. Efficient maternal to neonatal transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. J Clin Invest 2021.
3. Chervenak FA, McCullough LB, Bornstein E, Johnson L, Katz A, McLeod-Sordjan R, Nimaroff M, Rochelson BL, Tekbali A, Warman A, et al. Professionally responsible coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination counseling of obstetrical and gynecologic patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021: 224; 470-478.
4. Chmielewska B, Barratt I, Townsend R, Kalafat E, van der Meulen J, Gurol-Urganci I, O'Brien P, Morris E, Draycott T, Thangaratinam S, et al. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2021: 9; e759-e772.
5. Collier AY, McMahan K, Yu J, Tostanoski LH, Aguayo R, Ansel J, Chandrashekar A, Patel S, Apraku Bondzie E, Sellers D, et al. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Pregnant and Lactating Women. JAMA 2021.
6. Cosma S, Carosso AR, Corcione S, Cusato J, Borella F, Antonucci M, Marozio L, Revelli A, Preti M, Ghisetti V, et al. Longitudinal analysis of antibody response following SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy: From the first trimester to delivery. J Reprod Immunol 2021: 144; 103285.
7. Davanzo R, Agosti M, Cetin I, Chiantera A, Corsello G, Ramenghi LA, Staiano A, Tavio M, Villani A, Viora E, et al. Breastfeeding and COVID-19 vaccination: position statement of the Italian scientific societies. Ital J Pediatr 2021: 47; 45.
8. Male V. Are COVID-19 vaccines safe in pregnancy? Nat Rev Immunol 2021: 21; 200-201.
9. Shimabukuro TT, Kim SY, Myers TR, Moro PL, Oduyebo T, Panagiotakopoulos L, Marquez PL, Olson CK, Liu R, Chang KT, et al. Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons. N Engl J Med 2021.
10. Stafford IA, Parchem JG, and Sibai BM. The coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine in pregnancy: risks, benefits, and recommendations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021: 224; 484-495.
11. ESHRE : COVID-19 vaccination and assisted reproduction – update June 2021
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