【藥事知多D】抗流感藥知多D:Oseltamivir、Zanamivir
在東方文化裡,時間是一個非常重要的概念。
不論是孔子的「逝者如斯夫!不舍晝夜(《論語.子罕》)」、范蠡的「時不至,不可強生;事不究,不可強成(《國語.越語下》)」還是項羽的「時不利兮騅不逝(《垓下歌》)」,字裡行間總是表達對時間的感慨。
除此之外,《聖經.傳道書》也說:
凡事都有定期,天下萬務都有定時:生有時,死有時。栽種有時,拔出所栽種的也有時。殺戮有時,醫治有時……(第3章1至3節)
好!停!說到這裡,便夠了。
對!在相當程度上,「醫治有時」是有幾分道理的。
常言道:「時間就是金錢。」在用藥上,時間就是藥效,例如Oseltamivir、Zanamivir。
首先在藥理上,Oseltamivir、Zanamivir是一種神經氨酸酶抑制劑(Neuraminidase Inhibitor),沒有神經氨酸酶(Neuraminidase),便可能會妨礙病毒從受感染細胞裡釋放出來,達到抗病毒的效果,一般主要適用於KO甲型流感病毒(Influenza A)、乙型流感病毒(Influenza B)。
不過這兩種抗流感藥有一個弱點,便是「時間」。
簡單說,時間拖得愈久,藥效便會愈差。
所以重點是「搶時間」。
在用法上,一般建議愈早愈有效,最好在流行性感冒(俗稱「流感」)冒起後12小時內服用。[1]
實際上,在感到流感開始冒起後48小時內服用,Oseltamivir、Zanamivir或許能夠縮短病程,大約1天。[2]
看到這裡,看倌可能會說:
「唓……藥罐子,原來服藥還只不過是能夠縮短大約1天的病程,又有何用?」
誠然在大部分人眼裡,這一天或許可能算不上什麼……說真的,眨一眨眼又一天了,何足道哉!不過這一天往往足以改善用藥者的生活質素,甚至減低流感所帶來的社會成本(Societal Cost)。
舉例說,理論上,病少一天,便請少一天病假,自然便可能會減少流感所帶來的經濟損失。
除此之外,Oseltamivir、Zanamivir還可能會減少抗生素的整體使用率、下呼吸道併發症(例如支氣管炎(Bronchitis)、肺炎(Pneumonia))。[3][4]
所以這一天往往顯得非常重要。
再說香港人秒秒鐘幾十萬上落,真的可謂「一寸光陰一寸金。」
單是看香港交易所(簡稱「港交所」)停市一天對股市、股民的影響,便可見一斑。
(如欲了解更多用藥資訊,歡迎看看「小小藥罐子」網誌。)
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著作➡️藥事知多D、用藥知多D、藥房事件簿、家居用藥攻略(各大書店有售)
Reference:
1. Aoki FY, Macleod MD, Paggiaro P, et al. Early administration of oral oseltamivir increases the benefits of influenza treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51(1):123-129.
2. Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, et al. Prevention and control of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-10):1-42.
3. Kaiser L, Wat C, Mills T, et al. Impact of oseltamivir treatment on influenza-related lower respiratory tract complications and hospitalizations. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(14):1667-1672.
4. Kaiser L, Keene ON, Hammond JM, et al. Impact of zanamivir on antibiotic use for respiratory events following acute influenza in adolescents and adults. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(21):3234-3240.
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oral administration 在 Yim Mau-Kun Studio 冉茂芹畫室 Facebook 的最讚貼文
今天是八月八號父親節。紀念一下父親。
August 8th is Father's Day in Taiwan. In memory of my father...
父親冉鵬,字勺廷,湖南省常德市人。早年受鄉紳贊助赴北平讀書,畢業於北京朝陽大學法律系。
My father Ran Peng, style name Shaoting, was born in Changde City, Hunan. Thanks to the support of the local gentry, he was able to study in Beiping (Beijing) and graduated in law from Chaoyang University, Beijing.
1931年,國民政府首屆高等文官考試,父親參加「高等考試普通行政人員」獲等三名。同時報考了「普通行政類公務員」第三名,並有「瀟湘晨報」(湖南) 報導 (兄按:這是迄今發現的第一篇有關父親冉鵬的大陸官方媒體報導),筆者截錄:『1931年7月15日國民政府第一屆公務員高等考試,吸引全國兩千多人報名,最終錄用一百人。考點設在南京,考試三場,有筆試、口試……。』
The Nationalist Government held its first senior civil servant exam in 1931. My father took the “National Senior Examination for General Administrative Personnel” and came third. He also came third in the “General Administration Civil Servant” category and was mentioned in the “Xiaoxiang Morning Herald” (Hunan) (According to my elder brother, this was the first time that any mention of our father Ran Peng in the official media on the Mainland has been found). An extract is provided below: “The first senior civil servant examination under the Nationalist Government was held on July 15, 1931. It attracted more than two thousand candidates from all around the nation and one hundred were eventually accepted. The exams were held in Nanjing and consisted of three stages, including the written exam, oral exam….”
「放榜」– 紅榜張貼,炮竹齊鳴,派人看守。
類似清朝科舉放榜,考試結果以紅榜張貼示眾,類似清代進士三甲排序:『高等考試普通行政人員考試及格者最優第一名朱雷章(江蘇);優等第二名夏范欽(江西);第三名冉鵬(湖南);第四名方楊(浙江)………此次錄取的100人中,其中來自湖南的冉鵬還考了普通行政類公務員第三名。』
“Releasing of Exam Results” – The results are printed on red paper and posted to the sound of firecrackers. Guards are also posted.
Like the Imperial Examinations of the Qing Dynasty, the results of the exam were publicly posted on red paper in a similar format to the three jinshi categories of old: “National Senior Examination for General Administration Personnel – First place: Zhu Lei-zhang (Jiangsu); Second place: Xia Fan-qin (Jiangxi); Third place: Ran Peng (Hunan); Fourth place: Fan Yang (Zhejiang)… Out of the 100 candidates who passed the exam, Ran Peng of Hunan also came 3rd in the general administration civil servant exam.”
父親選擇分配進行政院,並工作直到1949年。到台灣後,主持前行政院結束工作。後再獲得經濟部聘用,直到退休。
My father chose to be assigned to the Executive Yuan where he worked until 1949. After arriving in Taiwan, he supervised the shutdown of the former Executive Yuan then went on to work for the Ministry of Economic Affairs until retirement.
oral administration 在 Focus Taiwan Facebook 的最讚貼文
Taiwan's #Health Promotion Administration on Tuesday urged those with a high risk of developing oral #cancer to not put off routine health checks amid #COVID19, after reporting a 40 percent drop in screenings in the first half of 2020.
https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202007140015