[翻轉視界] 孤軍奮戰的正義律師: 羅伯‧比洛特
Have you seen the film Dark Waters?
你看過電影《黑水風暴》嗎?
The film is based on the 2016 New York Times Magazine article "The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare," which describes Robert Bilott's case against the chemical manufacturing corporation DuPont after they contaminated a town with unregulated chemicals.
這部電影改編自紐約時報2016年的文章《成為杜邦最糟糕的噩夢的律師》,講述律師羅伯‧比洛特對抗化學製造廠「杜邦」的故事,該廠以未被規範的化學物質污染了一個小鎮。
Robert Bilott put his career, his family, everything on the line to win justice for tens of thousands if not millions of people. It is because of people like him, people who continue to speak out and take action against injustice, that our society continues to improve. Thank you, Mr. Bilott.
羅伯‧比洛特壓上一切,包括自己的事業、家庭,與為數達到萬人、甚至數百萬的民眾捍衛正義。正因有像他這樣的人持續為對抗不公不義發聲與採取行動,我們的社會才能不斷進步。謝謝你,比洛特先生。
Here’s a Times article that describes both the film and its portray of Mr. Bilott’s struggle to bring justice. I highly recommend the film.
以下是《Time 時代雜誌》的文章,介紹了這部電影並描繪了比洛特先生伸張正義所做的努力;我強烈推薦《黑水風暴》。
新聞報導: https://youtu.be/Tkkuil-U6qQ
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Rob Bilott, a corporate lawyer-turned-environmental crusader, doesn’t much care if he’s made enemies over the years. "I’ve been dealing with this for almost three decades," he says. "I can’t really worry about if the people on the other side like me or not."
•a corporate lawyer 企業律師
•environmental crusader 環境鬥士
•make enemies 樹敵、建立敵人
羅伯‧比洛特是位由企業律師轉變而成的環境鬥士,對自己多年來是否樹敵並不在意。「我已處理這問題近三十年了,」他說,「我根本不在意立場相對的人是否喜歡我」。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Bilott used to be on the other side. The Todd Haynes-directed movie Dark Waters, tells the story of how the lawyer switched allegiances. As happened in real life, the movie depicts Ruffalo’s Bilott as a lawyer who defends large chemical companies before he is approached for help in 1998 by Wilbur Tennant, a West Virginia farmer whose land was contaminated by chemical giant DuPont. Inflamed by that injustice, and the complicity of local authorities, the lawyer risks his career as he embarks on a decades-long legal siege of one of America’s most powerful corporations.
•switch allegiances 轉換陣營
•depict 描述
•complicity 共謀;串通;共犯
•DuPont 杜邦(世界排名第二大的美國化工公司)
比洛特曾站在企業那一邊。由陶德·海恩斯導演的《黑水風暴》講述這位律師如何轉換陣營:正如真實生活中發生的,該電影描述馬克·魯法洛所扮演的比洛特是一名任職大型化學企業的律師。1998年,一位土地被化學製造巨頭杜邦所污染的西維吉尼亞州農民威爾伯·坦納特,向他尋求幫助。不公義及地方當局的共謀激怒了這名律師;冒著斷送職涯的風險,他開始對美國最有權力的公司之一杜邦,進行長達數十年的法律圍攻。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
He works, at first, on Tennant’s behalf, then pursues a class action suit representing around 70,000 people living near a chemical plant that allegedly contaminated drinking water with PFOA, a toxic chemical used in the production of Teflon. In recent years, studies have correlated long-term exposure to PFOA with a number of illnesses, including some types of cancer.
•on behalf of sb/in behalf of sb; on sb's behalf/in sb's behalf 代表~;作為~的代表;代替~ ; 因為,為了~的利益
•a chemical plant 化學工廠
•allegedly 宣稱地;據傳地
•contaminate drinking water 污染飲用水
•perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 全氟辛酸銨
他一開始先代表威爾伯·坦納特進行訴訟,之後代表約七萬名居住在化學工廠附近的居民進行訴訟,據稱該工廠以全氟辛酸(PFOA)污染了飲用水。PFOA是一種用於製造鐵氟龍的有毒化學物質;近幾年有研究表明,長期暴露於PFOA與許多疾病相關,其中包括某些癌症。
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In 2017, Bilott won a $671 million settlement on behalf of more than 3,500 plaintiffs. Those people claimed they had contracted diseases, among them kidney cancer and testicular cancer, from chemicals DuPont allegedly knew may have been dangerous for decades, and allowed to contaminate their drinking water anyway.
•settlement 協議;和解(金);定居;支付
•plaintiff 原告
•contract a disease 患病、染病
•kidney cancer 腎臟癌
2017年,比洛特代表超過3500名原告贏得了6.71億美金的和解金。這些原告聲稱他們患病,其中包括腎臟癌與睪丸癌,是由於那些杜邦疑似早在數十年前就知道危險、卻仍然放任污染飲用水的化學物質。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
In Dark Waters, Haynes emphasizes the seemingly endless fight taken up by Bilott, as DuPont brings its considerable resources to bear to defend itself over the course of two decades. According to one analyst, the film’s potential to raise awareness about these issues could have a serious effect on some chemical companies’ bottom lines. But for the real Rob Bilott, the work of taking the industry to court is far from over. In October 2018, the lawyer filed a new lawsuit against several companies, including 3M, Arkema, and Chemours, a manufacturer spun off from DuPont in 2015. That ongoing case is seeking class action status, and was initially brought on behalf of Kevin Hardwick, a firefighting veteran of 40 years who used fire-suppression foams and firefighting equipment containing a class of chemicals known as PFAS, or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFOA is one type of PFAS chemical).
•seemingly endless fight 看似永無止境的鬥爭
•considerable resources 為數可觀、相當多的資源
•raise awareness about… 激發對~的警覺
•far from over 遠遠不夠
•file a lawsuit 提起新訴訟
•seek class action status 尋求集體訴訟(派一方代表訴訟)地位
•polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) 全氟烷基物質(廣泛被用來作為表面塗料,不易分解、會產生污染)
在《黑水風暴》中,海恩斯強調那些比洛特所參與的看似是個永無止盡的鬥爭,因為杜邦二十多年來動用可觀的資源來為自身辯護。根據一位分析師,本電影可能激發大眾對此類議題的警覺,或是將對一些化學公司的利潤帶來嚴重影響。但對真正的羅伯‧比洛特而言,僅將杜邦送上法庭遠遠不夠。2018年10月,這位律師針對好幾家公司提起新訴訟,對象包括3M、阿科瑪與2015年從杜邦拆分出來的製造公司科慕。這起進行中的訴訟案正尋求集體訴訟地位,而該案件初始是為凱文.哈德沃克提起的,一位有40年經驗的消防員,他長期使用一種含全氟烷基物質(PFAS)或多氟烷基(polyfluoroalkyl)物質的滅火泡沫與消防器材。(註:PFOA是一種 PFAS化學物。)
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PFAS chemicals are used in products ranging from waterproof jackets to shaving cream, and they can leach into water supplies in areas where they are disposed of or used in fire suppression (in particular on military bases, where they have been used for years). According to Bilott’s complaint, studies currently suggest that PFAS is present in the blood of around 99% of Americans. The class of chemicals has broadly been linked to immune system disruption, while PFOA specifically has been found to be associated with cancers and other diseases. Bilott’s newest lawsuit, as with his prior cases, alleges that these companies knew for decades that PFAS chemicals, specifically PFOA, could be linked to serious health problems, and that they still assured the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other U.S. government regulators that PFAS exposures were harmless.
•range from…to… 從~到~
•leach into 過濾、滲入
•water supply 供水,給水
•be linked to 與~有關
•be associated with 與~相關
•assure 保證
•government regulators 政府監管、立法單位
•exposure (n.) 暴露
PFAS化學物質應用廣泛,從防水夾克到刮鬍泡,而他們可以滲入可能或被用於滅火的地區的供水之中(尤其在軍中,這種物質被使用多年)。據比洛特控訴,目前研究顯示,約99%的美國人血液中有PFAS存在。這種化學物質與免疫系統遭破壞有關,而PFOA則被發現跟癌症與其他疾病相關。比洛特最新的訴訟一如先前的案件,宣稱這些公司數十年來都知道PFAS化學物質,尤其是PFOA可能與重大健康問題相關,但他們仍舊向環保局與其他美國政府監管單位保證,說 PFAS的暴露是無害的。
★★★★★★★★★★★★
"What we’re hearing once again from those companies that put those chemicals out there, knowing that they would get into the environment and into our blood, is that there’s insufficient evidence to show that they present risks to humans who are exposed," explains Bilott. "These companies are going to sit back and say, we’re entitled to…use you as guinea pigs, yet those of you who are exposed are somehow the ones who are going to have to prove what these 'chemicals' do to you."
•insufficient evidence 證據不足
•present risks 存在危險
•a guinea pig(通常用於測試藥效的)實驗對象,供做實驗的人 ; 豚鼠,天竺鼠
「我們又再次耳聞這些公司,明知那些化學製品會流入環境並進入我們的血液,卻仍將其暴露在環境裡,並宣稱沒有足夠證據證明暴露的化學物質將置人類於風險之中,」比洛特解釋道,「這些公司坐視不理並說,他們有權將人們當成實驗對象,而你們這些暴露在化學物質中的人,卻將證實那些化學物質會對造成什麼影響。」
★★★★★★★★★★★★
"If we can’t get where we need to go to protect people through our regulatory channels, through our legislative process, then unfortunately what we have left is our legal process," says Bilott. "If that’s what it takes to get people the information they need and to protect people, we’re willing to do it."
•regulatory channels 管制途徑
•legislative process 立法程序
「如果我們無法透過管制途徑、立法程序來保護人們,那麼不幸的是,我們只剩下法律程序,」比洛特表示,「如果這就是讓人們得到所需要的資訊、保護人們所要付出的努力,我們願意這樣做。」
★★★★★★★★★★★★
Robert Bilott is a true hero.
羅伯‧比洛特是真正的英雄。
文章來自於《Time 時代雜誌》 : https://time.com/5737451/dark-waters-true-story-rob-bilott/
圖片出處: Cincinnati Enquirer
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翻轉視界: http://bit.ly/3fPvKUs
fire suppression 在 多益達人 林立英文 Facebook 的精選貼文
Facebook announces steps to clamp down on misinformation ahead of 2020 election
防假新聞操縱二○二○年大選 FB宣布反制措施
Facebook has announced steps to combat misinformation and voter suppression ( ) ahead of ( ) the November 2020 US presidential election, on the same day it disclosed ( ) the removal of a network of Russian accounts targeting US voters on Instagram.
美國二○二○年總統大選將自十一月起跑,Facebook趕在選前宣布相關措施,以打擊假消息和選民壓制,並在同日宣布刪除在Instagram上針對美國選民的俄羅斯帳號。
Facebook said on Oct. 21 it would increase transparency ( ) through measures such as showing more information about the confirmed owner of a Facebook page and more prominently ( ) labeling content that independent fact-checkers have marked as false.
Facebook於十月二十一日表示,將採取措施提高其網站的透明度,例如顯示Facebook專頁之已驗證擁有者的更多資訊,對於被獨立事實查核人員判定為假新聞的訊息,則會用更顯著的方式標記出來。
The social media giant has come under fire ( ) in recent weeks over its policy of exempting ( ) ads run by politicians from fact-checking, drawing ire ( ) from Democratic presidential candidates Joe Biden and Elizabeth Warren.
Facebook這社群媒體巨頭近幾週來飽受抨擊,因為政治人物在該網站投放的廣告可以免受事實查核,這也激怒了民主黨總統候選人Joe Biden和Elizabeth Warren。
Two weeks ago, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg defended the policy, saying social media had introduced transformative avenues ( ) for speech that should not be shut down.
二週前,Facebook執行長Mark Zuckerberg為此規定辯解,稱社群媒體提供了變通的言論場域,不應關閉。
That same day, the Biden campaign called for the removal of an ad run by a super PAC campaign group that it said contained ( ) false claims about the former vice president.
Biden競選團隊於同日呼籲刪除由超級政治行動委員會競選團體所投放的廣告,指該廣告有對Biden這前副總統的不實說法。
Katie Harbath, Facebook’s head of global elections policy, said in response ( ) that if the now inactive ad ran again, it would be sent to Facebook’s third-party fact-checkers.
Facebook全球選舉相關政策主管凱蒂‧哈巴斯回應說,如果已靜止的廣告現又再次啟動,就會被發送給Facebook的第三方事實查核人員。
On Oct. 21, Facebook said would be putting into effect ( ) its planned ban on paid ads that tell people in the US not to vote. Zuckerberg told reporters on a conference call that the ban on voter misinformation would also apply to ads run by politicians.
Facebook在十月二十一日表示,將禁止要美國民眾別投票的付費廣告。Zuckerberg在視訊會議中向記者表示,對選民假消息的禁令也將適用於政治人物投放的廣告。
The company will start labeling ( ) state-controlled media on its page and in the site’s ad library. In a blog post, Facebook said it planned to expand this labeling to specific posts on both Facebook and Instagram early next year.
該公司將開始在Facebook頁面和網站廣告庫中,標記出由國家控制的媒體。Facebook在部落格中表示,計劃在明年初將此標記方式擴及Facebook和Instagram上的特定貼文。
Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, the video-streaming ( ) service of Alphabet’s Google, all recently came under scrutiny ( ) after showing ads from Chinese state-controlled media that criticized Hong Kong protesters.
Facebook、Twitter和YouTube,以及Alphabet公司旗下的Google影音串流服務,最近都因發布中國官媒批評香港抗議者之廣告而受到檢視。
This month, the Senate committee investigating Russian interference in the 2016 US election said that the Kremlin’s best-known propaganda ( ) arm increased its social media activity after that vote. “The bottom line ( ) here is that elections have changed significantly ( ) since 2016 and Facebook has changed too,” Zuckerberg said on Oct. 21.
調查俄羅斯干預二○一六年美國大選的參議院委員會於本月表示,克里姆林宮最著名的政治宣傳部門,在該選舉後增加了在社群媒體上的活動。「總之,自二○一六年以來,選舉發生了重大變化,Facebook也發生了變化」,Zuckerberg十月二十一日表示。
“We face increasingly sophisticated ( ) attacks from nation states like Russia, Iran and China, but I’m confident we’re more prepared.”
Zuckerberg提到,「我們面臨來自俄羅斯、伊朗和中國等民族主義國家日益複雜精密的襲擊,但我相信我們已做好了充分的準備。」
Theories that China has interfered ( ) in US elections are absurd ( ) and laughable, said Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying at a regular press briefing in Beijing on Oct. 22. If someone says China interfered in the US election, they should provide proof, said Hua. China has never had any interest in interfering with other countries’ internal affairs, she said.
中國外交部發言人華春瑩十月二十二日在北京舉行的例行記者會上說,有關中國干預美國大選的說法是荒謬可笑的。華春瑩說,如果有人說中國干涉了美國大選,應該要提供證據。她說,中國對干涉他國內政從來沒有任何興趣。
Moscow and Tehran have also repeatedly denied the allegations ( ).
莫斯科和德黑蘭也一再否認這一指控。
Facebook will introduce a new US presidential candidate spend tracker ( ) to show how much they have spent on political ads as part of the company’s efforts to make its ad library easier to use, Zuckerberg said.
Zuckerberg說,Facebook將新推出美國總統候選人支出追蹤器,以顯示候選人在政治廣告上的支出,因該公司努力使其廣告庫更便於使用。
The company plans to heighten protection of the Facebook and Instagram accounts of candidates, elected officials and their teams through a program called Facebook Protect. Participants ( ) in the program will be required to turn on two-factor authentication and their accounts will be monitored ( ) for signs of hacking.
該公司計劃通透過名為「Facebook Protect」的計畫來加強對候選人、民選官員及其團隊的Facebook和 Instagram 帳號的保護。「Facebook Protect」用戶須通過兩階段身份驗證,Facebook會監控其帳戶是否有遭駭客入侵之跡象。
#高雄人 #學習英文 請找 #多益達人林立英文
#高中英文 #成人英文
#多益家教班 #商用英文
#國立大學外國語文學系講師
fire suppression 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的精選貼文
[實事英文] Peace in War 戰地裡的和平
Empathy, understanding, and open communication are the keys to peace. Do not let hate cloud your judgment and conscience.
同理,理解和開放的溝通是實現和平的關鍵。不要讓仇恨迷惑你的判斷和良知。
1. empathy 同理心
2. keys to peace 和平的關鍵
3. cloud your judgement 迷惑你的判斷
Short video: https://youtu.be/6KHoVBK2EVE
★★★★★★★★★★★★
The First World War began in Europe and then spread to other regions from July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918. On August 3, 1914, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany due to its invasion of Belgium. During the war, both sides engaged in trench warfare and attempted to encircle the other side. Soon, from the North Sea to the Swiss border, the two sides extended their trench lines, resulting in a stalemate on both sides.
第一次世界大戰是指從1914年7月28日到1918年11月11日,始於歐洲進而波及至其他地區的大戰。1914年8月3日,英國因為德國入侵比利時而對其宣戰,作戰期間雙方軍隊都試圖以包圍對方側翼的戰略來進行殲滅,很快地,從北海到瑞士邊境的土地上,雙方各自延伸其戰壕系統,陷入苦戰。
4. invasion of... ...的侵略
5. result in a stalemate 導致陷入僵局
6. trench warfare 塹壕戰
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At the end of 1914, the first Christmas of the war, a "Christmas Open Letter" signed by 101 British women activists and sent to "German and Austrian women" called for peace. On December 7, 1914, Pope Benedict XV also called on the governments of the warring countries to consider a formal truce agreement. However, they sternly rejected these calls for peace.
1914年末,大戰期間的第一個聖誕節到來,一封由101位英國婦女參政運動者署名並寄給「德國與奧地利婦女」的「聖誕節公開信」呼籲和平,教宗本篤十五世亦在1914年12月7日,向正在交戰中的各國政府呼籲簽訂正式的休戰協定。然而,各國官方嚴正回絕這些對和平的呼喚與渴望。
7. an open letter 一封公開信
8. call for peace 呼籲和平
9. a truce agreement 停戰協議
10. warring countries 交戰的國家
11. sternly reject 嚴厲拒絕
★★★★★★★★★★★★
While there was no formal truce on both sides, about 100,000 Germans and British troops spontaneously ceased fire along the Western Front. The first truce began on Christmas Eve on December 24, 1914, when the Germans began to decorate their trenches in the Ypres region of Belgium.
儘管雙方沒有正式的休戰,仍然有大約10萬名的德軍和英軍自發性地沿著西線陸續中止了戰事。第一個休戰案例始於1914年12月24日的平安夜,當時德軍在比利時伊佩爾地區開始裝飾起他們的戰壕周遭。
12. formal truce 正式休戰
13. spontaneously ceased fire 自發地停火
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These German soldiers first adorned their trenches with candles and Christmas trees and then sang Christmas carols. British soldiers followed with carols of their own, and both sides began shouting Christmas greetings. Soon, the soldiers began to communicate in no-man's land, and exchanged small gifts such as food, cigarettes, and wine, as well as buttons and hats as souvenirs. On that night, both sides enjoyed a long-lost peace. During the truce, the two sides also brought back the bodies of their fallen comrades from the front lines and buried them. In addition, the pastors of the two sides jointly held a joint service.
這些德國士兵先是在他們的戰壕與聖誕樹上擺上了蠟燭,並唱起聖誕頌歌來慶祝;英國士兵則以英文聖誕頌歌做為回禮,接著兩邊開始互相對彼此喊出聖誕節祝福。很快地,雙方開始在無人地帶交流,士兵們互相交換起食物、香菸和酒等小禮物,還有像是鈕扣與帽子等作為紀念品。在那一夜,戰區享受了久違的平和。而這次休戰期間,雙方也各自將陣亡的同袍帶回戰線後方集體埋葬。此外,雙方的牧師更共同舉行了聯合禮拜。
14. exchange gifts 交換禮物
15. long-lost peace 久違的和平
16. fallen comrades 陣亡同袍
17. front lines 前線
18. hold a joint service 舉行聯合禮拜儀式
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Sir Heras Smith-Dorren, the commander of the British Second Army, was furious upon learning about these unofficial truces. An order strictly forbidding any communication between the British and enemy soldiers was issued. In the next few years of the war, the artillery shellers were explicitly ordered to ensure that the fighting would not be interrupted again on Christmas Eve. The soldiers were reassigned to different fronts so that they would not fraternize with the enemy. Despite such orders, there was still deliberate suppression of fighting on various fronts. Soldiers, for example, would fire artillery at a fixed time to minimize casualties.
英國第二軍團指揮官赫拉斯·史密斯-多倫爵士在得知這些非官方的休戰行為後相當生氣,發布命令嚴格禁止英軍與敵方士兵有任何交流。大戰接下來的幾年內,砲隊砲擊手受命在平安夜仍要確保戰鬥不會再次中斷。軍隊也被輪流調防到前線各地的不同防區,以免他們與敵人過於熟悉。儘管上層如此命令,但各地還是有故意抑制戰鬥的狀況,像是雙方火砲在固定的時間打到固定的地點上,以免對方發生傷亡。
19. upon learning... 一得知...
20. strictly forbid 嚴禁
21. issue an order 發出命令
22. explicitly order to 明確地命令
23. fraternize with the enemy 與敵人友好相處
24. deliberate suppression of... 故意鎮壓...
25. fire artillery 發射火砲
26. minimize casualty 減少傷亡
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On the Christmas Eve of 1915, a football from the German front became a symbol of peace. Bertie Felstead, a private of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, recalled the historic moment. At Christmas, he recalled, soldiers of both sides spontaneously climbed out of their trenches at dawn, ceased hostilities, and partook in friendly exchanges. "It wasn't a game as such, more a kick-around and a free-for-all. There could have been 50 on each side for all I know. I played because I really liked football. I don't know how long it lasted, probably half an hour," he recalled.
而在1915年的平安夜裡,一顆來自德軍戰線的足球,成了和平的象徵。英國皇家威爾斯燧發槍團的二等兵柏堤·費爾斯特德(Bertie Felstead)在聖誕節唱了一夜的聖誕歌之後,回想起那時雙方士兵在黎明時自發地爬出各自戰壕,那高漲起來的友好氣氛:「這件事本身來說,與其說是場足球賽,更像是人人都可參加的到處踢球活動,就我所知那時每一邊都可能有約有50人加入活動。由於我個人很喜歡足球,於是我也參加了。我不清楚那場足球賽持續了多久,可能有一個半小時吧。」
27. a symbol of peace 和平的象徵
28. cease hostilities 停止戰鬥/戰爭行為
29. historic moment 歷史性時刻
30. partake in friendly exchange 參與友好交流
Complete story: https://youtu.be/WUlPNWDvk-c
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Sources:
Alleyne, R. (2001, July 26). Veteran of 1915 soccer game dies. Retrieved August 6, 2019, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1335265/Veteran-of-1915-soccer-game-dies.html
Condell, Diana (2001-08-03). "Obituary: Bertie Felstead". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
Dearden, L. (2014, December 27). Letter describing the Christmas truce of 1914 released for the first time. Retrieved August 6, 2019, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/christmas-truce-of-1914-letter-from-trenches-shows-football-match-through-soldiers-eyes-9942929.html
Miracles brighten Christmas - HarrisonDaily.com: Opinion. (2013, January 03). Retrieved August 6, 2019, from https://archive.fo/20130103032619/http:/www.harrisondailytimes.com/articles/2009/12/25/opinion/editorials/doc4b32bc259368c715520590.txt
Patterson, David S. The search for negotiated peace: women's activism and citizen diplomacy in World War I. Routledge, 2008. ISBN 0-415-96142-4 p. 52
Woodcock, J. (2013, November 17). England v Germany: When rivals staged beautiful game on the Somme. Retrieved August 6, 2019, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/england/10455611/England-v-Germany-when-rivals-staged-beautiful-game-on-the-Somme.html
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